Table 1.
MXene-based membranes for the separation of ions, molecules, and pathogens from water.
| Type of Membrane | Fabrication Method | Feed Solution/Concentration | Rejection (%) | Permeability (Lm−2 h−1 bar−1) |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti3C2Tx | Vacuum filtration | RB | 85 | 1084 | [64] |
| EB | 90 | ||||
| CC (Each 10–20 mg/L) |
97 | ||||
| Ti3C2Tx | Vacuum filtration | NaCl (10,000 mg/L) |
56–64 | 10 | [100] |
| BSA (2000 mg/L) | |||||
| Ti3C2Tx | Vacuum filtration | CR | 92 | 405 | [74] |
| GN | 80 | ||||
| MgCl2 | 2.3 | ||||
| Na2SO4 | 13.2 | ||||
| NaCl (Each 100–1000 mg/L) |
13.8% | ||||
| Ti3C2Tx | Vacuum filtration | E. coli | >99 | 37.4 | [91] |
| B. subtilis | >99 | ||||
| Ti3C2Tx | Vacuum filtration | Na2SO4 | 50–99 | 5–15.25 | [101] |
| Mg2SO4 | |||||
| MgCl2 | |||||
| NaCl | |||||
| VOSO4 | |||||
| Ti3C2Tx-Ag | Vacuum-assisted filtration | RB | 79.9 | ~420 | [84] |
| MG | 92.3 | ||||
| BSA (50–100 mg/L) |
>99% | ||||
| Ti3C2Tx-GO | Vacuum filtration | BB | 95.4 | ~25 L | [65] |
| Rose Bengal | 94.6 | ||||
| MLB | 40 | ||||
| MLR | 5 | ||||
| MgSO4 | <1 | ||||
| NaCl (Each 10 mg/L) | |||||
| Ti3C2Tx-GO | Vacuum filtration | RB | >97 (dyes) | 89.6 | [102] |
| MB | |||||
| CV | |||||
| NR (Each 10 mg/L) | |||||
| Na2SO4 | 61 | ||||
| NaCl (Each 5 mM) |
23 | ||||
| Ti3C2Tx-GO | Vacuum filtration | Chrysoidine G | >99% (dyes) | 71.9 | [80] |
| MLB | |||||
| NR | |||||
| CV | |||||
| BB | |||||
| HA | |||||
| BSA | |||||
| Na2SO4 | 61 | ||||
| NaCl (Each 10 mg/L) |
23 | ||||
| Ti3C2Tx-GO | Vacuum filtration | MO | >95 | ~8.5–11 | [101] |
| MLB | |||||
| Acid yellow 14 | |||||
| IC | |||||
| Eosin (Each 10 mg/L) | |||||
| Ti3C2Tx-TiO2 | Spin coating | Dextran (3000 mg/L) |
>95 | ~90 | [103] |
CC: cytochrome C; MLB: methylene blue; RB: rhodamine B; EB: Evan blue; MO: methyl orange; IC: indigo carmine; HA: humic acid; BB: brilliant blue; NR: neutral red; CV: crystal violet; CR: Congo red; GN: gentian violet; MG: methyl green; MLR: methylene red.