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. 2021 Nov 6;13(11):2235. doi: 10.3390/v13112235

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Role of obesity in inflammatory response to infection. Adipocyte-secreted factors (e.g., adiponectin, leptin, Type I IFNs, and IL-6) contribute to normal homeostatic immune responses against infectious pathogens among healthy/normal weight. Obesity-dependent changes in adipocyte function can contribute to (1) immunosenescence (suppressed immune response against pathogens); (2) delayed immune inflammation (reduced pathogen clearance and compensatory exacerbated adipocyte inflammation); and (3) “cytokine storm” (IL-). Modified from Alarcon, 2021 [29].