Table 5.

Interventions to strengthen the role of middle managers.

Intervention	Level of Evidence *	References
Leadership of middle management
Purpose. To emphasize the role of middle managers and strengthen their leadership by conveying information and listening to the concerns of their teams Method. To promote their ability to communicate effectively with the care team, reinforcing initiative, transparency of information, equity, agility, and realism in their communication style.	2−	Pons Verdú et al. [53]

* Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Forming guideline recommendations. In: SIGN 50: A guideline developers’ handbook: Edinburgh: SIGN; 2008.