Table 3.
Tabular representation of lasers/LEDs parameters utilised in the chosen eligible in vivo RCTs human studies related to burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Abbreviations: CW: continuous emission mode; TT: tip tongue; LT: lateral tongue; DT: dorsal tongue; BM: buccal mucosa; LAM: labial mucosa; HP: hard palate; SP: soft palate; G: gingivae; AM: alveolar mucosa; VM: vestibular mucosa; LM: lip mucosa; S: sublingual; EDT: entire dorsal tongue; EVT: entire ventral tongue; ARM: alveolar ridge mucosa; AT: apex tongue; T: tongue; LL: lower lip; UL: upper lip; MR: mandibular ridge; P: palate; LG: lower gingivae; FM: floor mouth; LLM: lower labial mucosa:; NI: no information; N/A: not applicable; mW: milliwatt; J: joule; μ: micron; cm2: square centimetre; 10/52: ten weeks; 2/52: 2 weeks; 5/52: 5 weeks; 4/52: 4 weeks; 9/52: 9 weeks; 10/52: 10 weeks; 2/52: 2 weeks; 14/52: 14 weeks; NI: no information; nm: nanometre; N/A: not applicable; Y: yes; min: minute; second: s; IO: intraoral; EO: extraoral; No.: number; mm: millimetre; ms: millisecond; W: week; IR: infrared; EO: extraoral; IO: intraoral. List of the abbreviations are listed in Supplementary File S2.
| Study, Year, Origin And Citation | Light Source: Laser/LED (Symptoms’ Duration) |
Emission Mode CW/ Gated/ Pulsed |
Energy (J /Point ) |
Power Output (W/Mw) |
Frequency & Pulse Width (PW) |
Power Meter | Route of Irradiation (EO/IO) & no. of Trigger Points (TP) |
Scanning Technique/Beam Profile | Contact (C)/ Non-Contact (NC) | Tip-Tissue Distance | Spot Size/ Fibre Tip Diameter |
Fluence (Dose) (J/cm2) |
Power Density (W/cm2) | Exposure Time/ Point Min/s |
Frequency, Time Interval Between Sessions |
Treatment Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bardellini et al., 2019 [74] |
660–970 nm (NI) |
Pulsed/50% | NI | 3200 mW | 1–20,000 Hz PW:NI |
NI | IO, TP(NI) | NI | NI | NI | 1 cm2 | NI | NI | 3 mins and 51 s | Once a week | 10/52 |
| Valenzuela et al., 2017 [75] | GaAIAs laser 815 nm (NI) |
CW | G1: 4J/point G2: 6J/point |
1 W | N/A | NI | IO TP: 10 | NI | C | NI | 0.03 cm2 |
G1: 133.3 G2: 200 |
NI | G1: 4 s/point. G2: 6 s/ point | G1: Once a week G2: six times a week |
G1: 4/52 G2: 4/52 |
| Arbabi-Kalati et al., 2015 [76] | Diode laser 630 nm (NI) |
NI | 1 J | 30 mW | N/A | NI | Total 10 TP (TP/site): T:2, FM:2, SP:1 and HP:1 | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1J/cm2/ area | NI | 10 s | Twice a week | 4/52 |
| Arduino et al., 2016 [77] | Diode laser, 980 nm (NI) |
CW | NI | 300 mW | N/A | NI | NI | Spot/Gaussian | NC | 2 mm | 0.28 cm2 probe diameter: 0.6 cm |
10 | 1 | 10 s/point | Twice a week (total 10 sessions) |
5/52 |
| Sugaya et al., 2016 [78] | IR-diode laser 790 nm (31.7 months) |
CW | 6 J/point | 120 mW (0.12 W) | N/A | NI | 24 sites for Laser G (T, LL, UL, BM, MR, P; LG). 17 sites for CG (T, LL, UL, BM, MR, P, LG) | NI | C | NI | 0.03 cm2 | 6 | 4 | 50 s/point | Twice a week | 2/52 |
| Spanemberg et al., 2015 [79] | G1 and2: IR-laser 830 nm, G3: Red-laser 635 nm (6 months) |
CW | G1 and G2: 5 J/point G3: 2 J/point |
G1 and G2: 100 mW G3: 35 mW |
N/A | Y | IO: AT: 3, LT: 4 DT: 10, BM: 8, LAM: 5, HP: 8, SP: 3, G and ARM: 3 each | NI | NI | NI | NI | G1 and G2: 176 G3: 72 |
G1 and G2: 3.57 G3: 1.25 |
G1 and G2: 50 s G3: 58 s |
G1: 1 session/ week; G2: 3 session/ week; G3: 3 sessions/ week; CG: 3 sessions/ week | G1:10/52 G2: 9/52 G3: 9/52 G4: 9/52 |
| Skrinjar et al., 2018 [80] | Ga-Al-As LED 685 nm (NI) |
pulsed | NI | 30 mW | 5.20 Hz PW: NI |
NI | 3 reported burning sites (NI on number and location) | NI | NC | 0.5 cm | 3 cm2 | 2 (Total 60) | 0.003 | 381 s/point | Daily for 10 days excluding weekend |
10/7 |
| Pezelj-Ribarić et al., 2013 [81] | 685 nm | CW | NI | 30 mW | NI | Y | Tongue mucosa, Number and allocation of TP: NI | NI | C | NI | 2 mm, 1 cm2 surface area | 3 | NI | 100 s/point | NI | NI |
| Sikora et al., 2018 [82] | GaAlAs laser 830 nm (NI) |
Gated: 800 ms on/1 ms off, 80% duty cycle | NI | 100 mW (average) |
N/A | NI | NI | Slow circular movement/Gaussian | NC | 5 mm | 1 cm2 | 12 | NI | 5 mins/ session | Once per day (excluding weekend) (10 sessions) |
14/7 |
| Spanemberg et al., 2019 [83] | GaAIAs IR: laser 808 nm ± 5 nm (NI) |
CW | 3 J/point | 200 mW | N/A | Y | Total: 41 (Bilateral) TP per site: TT: 3, LT: 4, DT: 10, BM: 8, LAM: 5, HP: 8, SP: 3, G or AM: 3 |
NI | NI | NI | 0.088 cm2 | NI | 1.97 | 15 s /point | Twice a week (total eight sessions) |
4/52 |
| de Pedro et al., 2020 [84] | Diode laser 810 nm (NI) |
CW | 6 J/point | 0.6 W | N/A | NI | IO: 56 points VM: 3 (4 sites), LM: 4, bilateral BM: 6/site, HP: 6, bilateral LT: 4/site, DT: 6, S: 4 bilateral |
NI | NC | 2 mm | 0.5 cm2/300μ | 12 | 1.2 | 10 s/ point | Twice a week (10 sessions in total) | 5/52 |
| Scardina et al., 2020 [85] | Diode LED 805 nm (NI) |
NI | 1200 J (total) | Total: 4 W |
NI | NI | IO points: 4 areas BM, LAM, DT, LLM No. of TP unspecified) |
Scanning/Gaussian | NI | 4 cm Spacer used |
NI | 50 | 166.7 mW/cm2 | 300 s /area |
Twice a week (eight sessions in total) |
4/52 |
| Missing data (%) | 0% (90.90%) |
27.27% | 45.45% | 0% | 27.27% | 81.81% | 36.36% | 81.81% | 54.5% | 72.72% | 36.36% | 27.27% | 45.45% | 18.18% | 18.18% | 18.18% |