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. 2021 Oct 20;12(11):1653. doi: 10.3390/genes12111653

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The dynamic and reversible processes of DNA methylation. The whole epigenetic progression of 5mC contains three aspects: de novo methylation, methylation maintenance, and demethylation. DNMT3A and DNMT3B were reported to be involved in de novo methylation, while DNMT1 was found to participate in the maintenance of DNA methylation. Besides, the process of demethylation can be divided into two parts: passive demethylation and active demethylation. Passive DNA demethylation is attributed to the absence of DNMTs, while active demethylation is due to the involvement of TET or TDG enzymes and BER repair pathway. Abbreviation: DNA methyltransferase: DNMT; Ten eleven translocation: TET; Thymine DNA glycosylase: TDG; Base excision repair: BER; Fifth position of cytosine: 5mC; 5-hydroxymethylcytosine: 5hmC; 5-formylcytosine: 5fC; 5-carboxylcytosine: 5caC.