Table 2.
Effects of coffee pulp on physiological parameters.
| Variables | C | CCP | H | HCP | p Values | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Treatment | Diet × Treatment | |||||
| Initial body weight, g | 339 ± 1 | 338 ± 1 | 340 ± 1 | 339 ± 1 | 1.00 | 0.32 | 0.32 |
| Final body weight, g | 380 ± 3 c | 386 ± 6 c | 551 ± 11 a | 494 ± 9 b | <0.0001 | 0.0022 | 0.0002 |
| Food intake, g/day | 35.2 ± 1.3 a | 34.2 ± 0.6 a | 27.2 ± 0.7 b | 28.0 ± 1.5 b | <0.0001 | 0.93 | 0.42 |
| Water intake, g/day | 31.0 ± 2.0 a,b | 36.8 ± 2.1 a | 26.6 ± 1.6 b | 32.2 ± 1.7 a,b | 0.02 | 0.004 | 0.96 |
| Energy intake, kJ/d | 405 ± 15 c | 384 ± 10 c | 556 ± 19 b | 616 ± 17 a | <0.0001 | 0.22 | 0.013 |
| Feed efficiency, g/kJ | 0.10 ± 0.01 c | 0.12 ± 0.02 c | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | 0.25 ± 0.02 b | <0.0001 | 0.016 | 0.0008 |
| Heat, kcal/h | 3.66 ± 0.25 b,c | 3.14 ± 0.31 c | 4.27 ± 0.16 a,b | 4.51 ± 0.16 a | <0.0001 | 0.54 | 0.10 |
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 0.99 ± 0.02 a | 0.95 ± 0.04 a,b,c | 0.88 ± 0.02 c | 0.89 ± 0.01 b,c | 0.0014 | 0.55 | 0.32 |
| Body mass index, g/cm2 | 0.61 ± 0.01 d | 0.66 ± 0.01 c | 0.83 ± 0.02 a | 0.75 ± 0.01 b | <0.0001 | 0.26 | <0.0001 |
| Abdominal circumference, cm | 18.8 ± 0.1 c | 17.8 ± 0.2 d | 23.7 ± 0.3 a | 20.2 ± 0.2 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Basal blood glucose, mmol/L | 4.0 ± 0.2 b | 2.9 ± 0.1 c | 4.7 ± 0.3 a | 3.2 ± 0.1 c | 0.013 | <0.0001 | 0.31 |
| Area under the curve for glucose tolerance, mmol/L × min | 695 ± 15 b | 421 ± 13 d | 797 ± 21 a | 571 ± 13 c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.14 |
| Retroperitoneal fat, mg/mm | 155 ± 14 b | 196 ± 14 b | 518 ± 42 a | 458 ± 22 a | <0.0001 | 0.71 | 0.06 |
| Epididymal fat, mg/mm | 85 ± 5 c | 86 ± 10 c | 234 ± 17 a | 183 ± 10 b | <0.0001 | 0.033 | 0.027 |
| Omental fat, mg/mm | 124 ± 7 c | 117 ± 11 c | 262 ± 12 a | 213 ± 12 b | <0.0001 | 0.012 | 0.06 |
| Total abdominal fat, mg/mm | 364 ± 18 c | 399 ± 28 c | 1014 ± 65 a | 855 ± 33 b | <0.0001 | 0.13 | 0.019 |
| Whole-body lean mass, g | 297 ± 4 a,b | 295 ± 4 a,b | 285 ± 8 b | 314 ± 7 a | 0.56 | 0.03 | 0.014 |
| Whole-body fat mass, g | 88 ± 6 c | 77 ± 7 c | 239 ± 12 a | 168 ± 11 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.003 |
| Bone mineral content, g | 11.8 ± 0.4 b | 12.2 ± 0.5 b | 17.4 ± 0.6 a | 15.8 ± 0.5 a | <0.0001 | 0.24 | 0.06 |
| Bone mineral density, g/cm2 | 0.172 ± 0.002 c | 0.188 ± 0.002 b | 0.185 ± 0.002 b | 0.197 ± 0.005 a | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | 0.47 |
| Intestinal transit, % | 74.1 ± 8.1 a,b | 52.2 ± 7.5 b | 90.2 ± 6.2 a | 58.2 ± 8.0 b | 0.15 | 0.0008 | 0.50 |
| Plasma total cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.79 ± 0.09 a | 0.56 ± 0.06 b | 1.56 ± 0.08 a | 1.84 ± 0.13 a | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Plasma triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.57 ± 0.06 b | 0.33 ± 0.04 b | 1.28 ± 0.14 a | 0.61 ± 0.07 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.016 |
| Plasma non-esterified fatty acids, mmol/L | 1.39 ± 0.18 b | 0.76 ± 0.14 c | 3.46 ± 0.22 a | 1.53 ± 0.20 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 127 ± 1 b | 125 ± 1 b | 143 ± 2 a | 129 ± 1 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic stiffness constant (κ) | 21.9 ± 0.5 b | 20.5 ± 0.4 b | 29.3 ± 1.9 a | 21.0 ± 0.3 b | <0.0001 | 0.0004 | 0.002 |
| Left ventricle + septum wet weight, mg/mm | 21.4 ± 0.8 b | 20.4 ± 0.7 b | 25.4 ± 1.5 a | 23.5 ± 0.8 a,b | 0.001 | 0.16 | 0.66 |
| Right ventricle wet weight, mg/mm | 4.82 ± 0.33 | 4.44 ± 0.20 | 5.42 ± 0.49 | 5.15 ± 0.20 | 0.051 | 0.33 | 0.87 |
| Liver wet weight, mg/mm | 227 ± 6 c | 245 ± 10 c | 349 ± 7 a | 293 ± 10 b | <0.0001 | 0.029 | <0.0001 |
| Plasma aspartate transaminase activity, U/L | 70.5 ± 3.3 c | 94.7 ± 3.9 a,b | 81.0 ± 5.4 b,c | 103.1 ± 6.7 a | 0.07 | <0.0001 | 0.83 |
| Plasma alanine transaminase activity, U/L | 29.4 ± 4.2 | 37.4 ± 2.8 | 36.6 ± 3.6 | 42.1 ± 3.5 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.73 |
Values are mean ± SEM, n = 8–12. Means in a row with unlike superscripts (a, b, c or d) differ significantly, p < 0.05. C, corn starch diet-fed rats; CCP, corn starch diet-fed rats supplemented with coffee pulp; H, high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats; HCP, high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats supplemented with coffee pulp.