Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the biomarker pathway from the laboratory to the clinical applications. (1) Collection of biological samples to identify and quantify biomarkers using sensitive techniques such as mass spectrometry, gas and liquid chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. (2) Transition from the already established methodologies to more straightforward and inexpensive methods based on antibodies, enzymes, and electrochemistry. (3) Validation and implementation of these methodologies as a diagnosis tool.