Table 4.

Summary of findings by themes.

KAP Constructs	Family Influence
		Facilitators	Barriers
Adolescent Knowledge	Nutrition education	Education on nutrition benefits [38,43,51,56,66,67,70,74,77,80] Education on undesirable consequences of unhealthy eating [33,44,47,55] Advice on healthy food choice [38,39,43,44,48,55,56,57,58,61,66,70,71,77] Fostering cooking skills [38,58,77,80]	Inconsistent message between parents and school [55]
	Child involvement	Education during mealtimes and grocery shopping [38,51,55,65,66,71,80] Good communication with adolescents (e.g., open discussion, fun style) [37,39,47,54,55,66]	Adolescents having minimal responsibility in diet-related tasks [39] Limited ability for food discussion in parents with poor role model [51]
	Family illness experience	Emphasis on diet-related health risks experienced by family members with health problems [44,47,55]	Health-related topics as a taboo in families with illnesses [39]
Adolescent Attitudes	Family health	Perceived importance of diet-related health risks in family members with health problems [37,39,47,54] Modeling of positive outcome of healthy eating [35,69]
	Cultivation of preference	Cultivate taste preference for healthy food [35,37,43,51,58,59,62,64,65,70] Reducing temptation of unhealthy foods by limiting sedentary time [43] Home cooking perceived as more hygienic than street foods [60]	Family preference on low cost/ unhealthy foods [40,51]
	Family motivation	Family modeling of healthy eating habits [35,37,43,44,47,55,56,57,59,66,68,70,77,80] Encouragement and praise [35,38,44,49,51,66,68,69,71,75,77,80] Parental concern on adolescent’s health [38,56,57,66,78] Adolescent acting as a role model in the family [77,78]	Family modeling of unhealthy eating habits [39,40,46,47,48,49,50,54,59,68,69,72,73,74,79] Lack of parental concern on adolescent dietary issues (e.g., body weight is not important for the young) [42,50,51,78,79] Busy parents lacking time for encouragement [75]
Adolescent Practices	Food preparation and availability	Provision of healthy home meals [33,34,35,36,38,42,43,44,48,50,61,62,63,66,70,71,75,77,78,80] Home availability of healthy food/ unavailability of unhealthy foods [36,37,39,40,42,43,44,45,47,48,49,50,52,55,56,57,60,61,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,73,74,77,79,80]	Unhealthy home meals [39,54,63,76,78] Home availability of unhealthy/ unavailability of healthy foods [40,41,46,48,49,53,59,67,68,69,74,78]
	Time and cost	Controlling access (e.g., increased access to ready-to-eat FV and healthier drinks, storing unhealthy snacks out-of-reach) [49,56,57,64,66,67,69,73,80] Limiting the budget of junk food [36,59,66,79]	Convenience of packaged and takeaway foods over home cooking [35,36,37,39,43,45,48,50,52,53,54,59,61,63,64,65,68,70,76,78,79,80] and time barrier for preparing FV and healthy beverages [40,67,69] Financial preferences on affordable but unhealthy foods [34,35,36,37,38,41,45,46,48,49,51,54,60,61,66,67,69,72,75,77,78,79,80] Easy accessibility of unhealthy food shops and restaurants [36,72]
	Parenting style	Rules and monitoring of mealtimes [37,44,49,52,53,61,63,77] and snacking [33,37,42,43,47,50,52,56,59,64,67,68,77,80] Authoritative practices (e.g., reasoning, regular meal schedule) [35,37,43,44,48,49,52,55,57,59,60,64,66,69,70,71,74,75,80] Child involvement with limited/ guided choices [37,44,59,64,80] Grocery shopping without adolescents to avoid their request on unhealthy foods [44]	Unstructured practices (e.g., accommodating family taste preference, lack of monitoring at mealtimes [37,42,64,66,68,78,79] and snacking [39,40,50,51,53,59,66,67,69,76,79,80] Restriction on snacking [70,80] Treats and bribes of unhealthy foods by family members [36,50] Atmosphere of meals with dissatisfying family relation [63]
	Parental practical knowledge and attitudes	Healthy cooking skills/ varying food presentation [36,43,59,66,67,72,80] Healthy home food availability by health-conscious parents [40,51,58,59,63]	Lack of nutrition knowledge to make healthy choices or provide appropriate amounts [34,37,40,50,54,71,72,77] Lack of cooking skills to provide healthy and tasty meals with variety [60,62,63] Lack of parental concern on healthy eating [50]

Notes: FV refers to fruit and vegetables.