Table 1.
Croups of Markers | Markers | References |
---|---|---|
Biomarkers of HPV infection and carcinogenesis | HPV DNA, E6/E7 mRNA p53, Rb, p16INK4a, telomerase RNA gene (TERC), serum SCC-Ag, OCVA1 |
[8,10,11,12,13,15,20,21,22,23,24,25,26] |
Markers of cell cycle and proliferation | Ki-67, cyclin D1, p53, p63 | [12,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36] |
Markers of apoptosis | P53, BCL-2, BCL-XL, BAX | [10,27,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44] |
Expression of cytokeratins–markers of differentiation | CK7, CK8, CK17, CK19 | [27,36,37,45,46,47,48,49] |
Markers of cell adhesion, invasion and metastasis | E-cadherin, P-cadherin, CD44, ADAM9, MT1-MMP, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MT1-MMP, MMP-2, MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-14, proMMP-14 furin, gelatinase, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 | [27,50,51,52,53,54,55] |
Biomarkers of cancer stem cells | Nanog, nucleostemin (NS), musashi1 (Msi1), SOX2, KLF4, CD133, Cd44, ALDH1, CD49f, ABCG2, BMI1, PIWIL2, LGR5, OCT4, CD117 | [48,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64] |
Markers of angiogenesis | VEGF, podoplanin (PDPN), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1, antiangiogenesis factor), CD31 (a nonspecific endothelial marker), CD34, CD105 (a tumor-specific endothelial marker) | [27,65,66,67,68,69,70,71] |
Vaginal microbiome, inflammation and immune homeostasis | Evaluation of the diversity of cervicovaginal microbiome | [56,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81] |