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. 2021 Nov 22;22(22):12571. doi: 10.3390/ijms222212571

Table 1.

Biomarkers for investigation of carcinogenesis, precancerous lesions and cervical carcinoma.

Croups of Markers Markers References
Biomarkers of HPV infection and carcinogenesis HPV DNA,
E6/E7 mRNA p53, Rb, p16INK4a, telomerase RNA gene (TERC), serum SCC-Ag, OCVA1
[8,10,11,12,13,15,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]
Markers of cell cycle and proliferation Ki-67, cyclin D1, p53, p63 [12,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]
Markers of apoptosis P53, BCL-2, BCL-XL, BAX [10,27,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44]
Expression of cytokeratins–markers of differentiation CK7, CK8, CK17, CK19 [27,36,37,45,46,47,48,49]
Markers of cell adhesion, invasion and metastasis E-cadherin, P-cadherin, CD44, ADAM9, MT1-MMP, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MT1-MMP, MMP-2, MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-14, proMMP-14 furin, gelatinase, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 [27,50,51,52,53,54,55]
Biomarkers of cancer stem cells Nanog, nucleostemin (NS), musashi1 (Msi1), SOX2, KLF4, CD133, Cd44, ALDH1, CD49f, ABCG2, BMI1, PIWIL2, LGR5, OCT4, CD117 [48,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64]
Markers of angiogenesis VEGF, podoplanin (PDPN), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1, antiangiogenesis factor), CD31 (a nonspecific endothelial marker), CD34, CD105 (a tumor-specific endothelial marker) [27,65,66,67,68,69,70,71]
Vaginal microbiome, inflammation and immune homeostasis Evaluation of the diversity of cervicovaginal microbiome [56,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81]