Table 3.
Postprandial responses to three different test meals in high CVD risk participants classified by APOE genotype (E3 vs. E4), as indicated by incremental AUC (iAUC) values for parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism, biomarkers of inflammation, and antioxidant status 1.
| E3 (n = 39) | E4 (n = 10) | p-Value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MED | WDHF | WDHC | MED | WDHF | WDHC | Test Meal | Genotype | Genotype × Meal | |
| Glucose iAUC (mmol/L × h) |
4.7 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.4 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 6.8 ± 1.9 | 0.006 | 0.810 | 0.800 |
| Insulin iAUC (pmol/L × h) |
1752 ± 187 | 1489 ± 134 | 2103 ± 194 | 2018 ± 498 | 1380 ± 147 | 2933 ± 567 | <0.001 | 0.926 | 0.096 |
| Triglycerides iAUC (mmol/L × h) |
3.1 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | 0.680 | 0.574 |
| NEFA iAUC (mmol/L × h) |
−1.44 ± 0.11 | −0.92 ± 0.10 | −1.48 ± 0.10 | −1.18 ± 0.20 | −0.87 ± 0.17 | −1.77 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 0.921 | 0.161 |
| IL-1β iAUC (pg/mL × h) |
0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | −0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | −0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.952 | 0.708 | 0.270 |
| IL-6 iAUC (pg/mL × h) |
4.99 ± 0.72 | 2.81 ± 0.84 | 3.76 ± 0.83 | 5.18 ± 1.69 | 7.76 ± 2.81 | 4.53 ± 2.42 | 0.161 | 0.289 | 0.062 |
| sE-selectin iAUC (ng/mL × h) |
−3.9 ± 1.2 | −4.2 ± 1.4 | −3.6 ± 1.9 | 3.3 ± 5.3 | −4.9 ± 2.1 | −9.3 ± 2.4 | 0.728 | 0.839 | 0.179 |
| sICAM-1 iAUC (ng/mL × h) |
3.3 ± 10.6 | −32.7 ± 14.0 | −19.5 ± 18.7 | −42.5 ± 38.7 | −87.6 ± 77.1 | −20.7 ± 20.3 | 0.227 | 0.090 | 0.581 |
| sVCAM-1 iAUC (ng/mL × h) |
−81.8 ± 40.6 | −84.8 ± 46.6 | −157.2 ± 90.7 | 182.8 ± 247.8 | −45.8 ± 95.7 | −156.1 ± 45.7 | 0.371 | 0.277 | 0.349 |
| oxLDL iAUC (ng/mL × h) |
0.9 ± 11.3 | 14.1 ± 9.5 | −1.1 ± 12.8 | −23.5 ± 17.3 | −0.8 ± 20.9 | 9.6 ± 27.6 | 0.474 | 0.579 | 0.261 |
| Vitamin C iAUC (mg/L × h) |
3.1 ± 1.0 | −4.9 ± 0.8 | −4.7 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 2.2 | −3.1 ± 1.0 | −1.3 ± 2.7 | <0.001 | 0.298 | 0.271 |
| Tocopherol iAUC (µg/mL × h) |
−1.8 ± 0.6 | −1.3 ± 0.4 | −0.5 ± 1.0 | −4.3 ± 4.2 | −2.0 ± 1.0 | −2.2 ± 1.7 | 0.531 | 0.279 | 0.732 |
| β-carotene iAUC (ng/mL × h) |
−17.4 ± 13.5 | −29.4 ± 14.8 | −14.9 ± 26.6 | −3.0 ± 33.8 | −83.0 ± 30.1 | −3.2 ± 36.6 | 0.334 | 0.752 | 0.321 |
| Retinol iAUC (ng/mL × h) |
−9.6 ± 22.0 | −23.9 ± 19.3 | 7.8 ± 15.0 | −10.6 ± 47.3 | −3.7 ± 24.9 | 8.3 ± 28.2 | 0.288 | 0.922 | 0.988 |
| TEAC iAUC (mmol/L × h) |
−0.11 ± −0.05 | −0.14 ± 0.005 | −0.13 ± 0.05 | −0.01 ± 0.09 | −0.10 ± 0.18 | −0.08 ± 0.12 | 0.868 | 0.265 | 0.921 |
1 Shown as the mean ± SEM. iAUC, incremental area under the curve; MED, Mediterranean-like diet meal; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid; oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; sE-selectin, soluble E-selectin; sICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; sVCAM-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; TEAC, Trolox equivalent capacity; WDHC, Western-like diet high-carbohydrate meal; WDHF, Western-like diet high-fat meal.