Table 4.

Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.

Determinants	No. of Paper	Place of Study	Education	Occupation
Vaccine safety and efficacy	15	USA, China, Hong Kong, Australia, England, France, Qatar	Undergrad	HCW, full-time employee
Vaccine side effects	12	USA, China, Canada, Turkey, Kuwait	High school, secondary	Workers, employee, nurse
Individuals believe that they are at less risk to get infected by COVID-19	9	USA, Saudi Arabia, UK, Italy	High school to university	Employee
Religious beliefs	5	France, Denmark, Portugal, Germany	High school	Not specified
Price of vaccine and lack of insurance	5	China, Indonesia, USA	Primary school and high school	Private sector employee
Mistrust in healthcare	7	USA	College education	Student, employed
Mistrust in government	6	France, Ireland, Italy, USA	All level	All profession
The rapid development of a vaccine	5	Jordan, USA, UK	University level	Doctors, nurse, employed
Widespread misinformation in the social media	7	Greece, European countries, Jordan, Kuwait	High school	Student, employed, unemployed, retired
Past vaccine experience	3	Australia, France	Diploma	Health workers
Demographic influence	4	Turkey, USA, Italy	High school, bachelor	All profession
Political instability	3	USA	All level	HCWs, all profession
Racist and ethnic minority	3	USA	High school, bachelor	All profession
Trust in the vaccine manufacturer	5	China, Hong Kong	Primary to bachelor’s degree	HCWs, employee, student
Lockdown periods decrease the number of cases	1	Italy	High school	All level
Trust in natural remedies	1	America and Canada	All level	Full-time and part-time employee
Lack of information about vaccine	4	Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Jordan	High school to graduate	Employed
Inconsistent risk message from public health organization	4	USA, Canada, UK	All level	All level
Anti-vaccination movement	4	USA, Jordan, Europe	High school to undergrad	Employed