Table 3.
Estimated ITT effects of probiotics on gene copy numbers, based on linear mixed-effects models adjusted by gestational age. ** indicates p < 0.01.
| Genes | Number of Participants (Observation Days) | Fold Change a
(95% CI) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Butyric acid-producing genes | |||
| bcoA | 25 (155) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.18) | 0.57 |
| buk | 25 (155) | 0.96 (0.71, 1.31) | 0.81 |
| Bile acid-producing genes | |||
| bsh | 25 (155) | 5.41 (3.13, 9.34) ** | <0.001 |
| baiJ | 25 (155) | 0.79 (0.49, 1.26) | 0.31 |
a Gene copy numbers were log-transformed, and fold changes (exponentiated coefficients) due to probiotic intake were reported. Fold change > 1 means that the gene copy number increases after probiotic intake. bcoA: butyryl-coenzyme-A-CoA transferase; buk: butyrate kinase; baiJ: bile acid inducible 7α-dehydroxylating operon; bsh: bile salt hydrolase.