Table 1.
Comparing basic characteristics of selected CHM methods.
| Field | Lewin | Kotter | SSM |
|---|---|---|---|
| External expert | maybe | maybe | no |
| Pre-defined problem | yes | yes | no |
| Feedback | yes | yes | yes |
| Sociological approach | positivism | combination | interpretivism |
| Support tools | field theory, action research, group dynamics | “see-feel-change” | CATWOE, PQR, “root definitions” |
| Dismantling existing situation | in step 1 | in step 1 | during the process |
| Cyclical process (constant problem solving) | yes | yes | yes |
| Management/leading coalition | yes | yes | no |
| Recommended step sequence | yes | yes | steps overlap in reality |
| Building awareness why the change is necessary | yes | yes | not necessary, awareness arises spontaneously |
| Adaptability to changing environment | no | partly | yes |
| Suitable application | smaller changes | bigger changes | complex problems |
| CHM approach | top-down | top-down, partly bottom-up | combination of bottom-up and top-down |