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. 2021 Nov 10;11(11):2083. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11112083

Table 1.

Reported colorimetric-based sensing platform for viral infection.

S. No. Antigen/Analyte Bio-Element/Detection Strategy Nanomaterial Detection/
Linearity Range		 LOD Ref.
1. DENV PNA sequences GNPs 0.00 to 12.0 μM 0.12 μM [149]
2. DENV and CHIKV IgG and IgM Lateral-flow test strip Red and blue Latex nanoparticles - - [141]
3. New Caledonia/H1N1/1999 influenza virus Peroxidase-like activity AuNP films 10 pg mL−1–10 µg mL−1 50.50 pg mL−1 [156]
4. Influenza A virus (H3N2) Peroxidaselike activity AuNP films up to 10.0 pg mL−1 4.5 pg mL−1 [156]
5. Influenza A virus (H3N2) M149 antibody (Label-free fluorescence-based detection) Ab-Polydiacetylene (PDA)
Conjugate coated with Polyvinylidene (PVDF)
Difluoride Membrane		 30 µg mL−1 [163]
6. Influenza H1N1 virus Anti-influenza A HA-Ab (Ab-E) and HRP-tagged anti-influenza A HA-Ab (HRP-Ab) Au immunostrip 0 to 10,000 PFU mL−1 1.34 PFU mL−1 (PBS)
2.27 PFU mL−1 (Saliva)		 [164]
7. Avian influenza virus Fluorescence
Reflection		 AuNPs and ZnO nanorods 8.0 × 105 to 2.7 × 103 EID50/mL 2.7 × 104 EID50/mL (naked eye)
8.0 × 103 EID50/mL (smartphone device)		 [157]
8. Influenza A virus
(H1N1)		 Anti-hemagglutinin (HA) mAb Au Nanozymes and Silica-shelled magnetic nanobeads (MagNBs) 5.0 × 10−15–5.0 × 10−6 g mL−1 5.0 × 10−12 g mL−1 (human eyes)
44.2 × 10−15 g mL−1 (microplate reader)		 [165]
9. NPs of influenza A and B virus STA-RPA70A@biotin-HRP and aptamer - 0.1 pg mL−1 to 1 mg mL−1 0.30 pg mL−1
0.16 pg mL−1 		[166]
10. Hepatitis B virus DNA sequences Cupper nanoclusters 12.0 × 109 to 12.0 × 1013 target molecules 12 × 109 molecules [158]
11. Hepatitis B virus HBsAg Magnetic nanoparticles 0.10–20 ng mL−1 0.012 ng mL−1 [159]
12. Hepatitis C virus HCV oligonucleotides AuNPs 7.50 × 102 to 2.00 × 106 IU mL−1 100 IU mL−1
(0.4 IU µL−1)		 [160]
13. SARS CoV-2 Colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) - 625 to 2 × 105 DNA copies 62.5 DNA copies [161]

LOD: Limit of detection; pg mL−1: picogram per mililitre; ng mL−1; nanogram per mililitre; µg mL−1; microgram per mililitre; ng mL−1; µM: micromolar; PFU mL−1: plaque forming unit per mililitre; IU mL−1: International unit per mililitre.