Table 2.

Fluorescence/chemiluminescence-based sensing platform for viral infection.

S. No.	Principle	Analyte	Real Sample	Detection Range	LOD	Ref.
1.	Fluorescence	Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA (FRET-based)	Human urine sample	0.045–6.0 nmol L−1	0.015 nmol L−1	[169]
2.		Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) sandwich immunochromatographic assay (ICA)	Human Serum	75.0 pg mL−1–4.80 ng mL−1 4.80 pg mL−1–75.0 ng mL−1	75 pg mL−1	[170]
3.		Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)	Human Serum	0.04–6.0 nmol L−1	8. 0 nmol L−1	[171]
4.		Recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) protein of the H5N1 influenza virus	Aqueous Buffer Human serum	0.0–200.0 ng mL−1	2.0 ng mL−1 3.5 ng mL−1	[172]
5.		Human immunodeficiency virus 1 double-stranded DNA sequence Sudan virus RNA sequence	-	-	196 pM 73 pM	[175]
6.		SARS-CoV-2 virus specific genes	TE buffer	0.01–1.0 pM	160 fm	[176]
7.	Chemiluminescence	anti-DENV IgM antibodies	Serum	-	-	[177]
8.		Avian influenza viruses (AIV)	Embryonated chicken eggs	1.0 pM–1.0 nM	5.0 pM	[178]
9.		Human T-lymphotropic viruses	Human Serum	1.0 aM–1.0 nM	0.50 aM	[180]
10.		Pseudorabies Virus	Swine	1.0 × 101–1.0 × 108 amol	100 amol	[181]
11.		Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)	Serum	0.40–15.0 ng mL−1	0.30 ng mL−1	[182]
12.		HBsAg	Serum	0.12–30 ng mL−1	14.0 pg mL−1	[183]
13.		H1N1 influenza virus	-	1.0 × 10−12–1.0 × 10−6 g mL−1	1.0 × 10−13 g mL−1	[189]
14.		Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1)	Human Serum	0.020–1.0 pM	5.0 fM	[190]