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. 2021 Nov 10;22(22):12166. doi: 10.3390/ijms222212166

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The emerging technologies to experimentally measure cardiovascular nitric oxide. (a) The schematic diagram of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). A large enhancement in the Raman signal can be observed when nitric oxide (NO) is absorbed or lies close to the enhanced field at the surface. (b) The cardiovascular application of fiber optic Raman spectroscopy [75]. (c) The flexible and degradable electrochemical sensor to achieve real time measuring of NO delivery in rabbit, and the signal of NO concentration in various tissues [80].