Table 1.

Potential targets for spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) in plants.

Target	Experimental Evidence	Target Genes	Reference
Virus	dsRNA + clay resulted in BCMV virus resistance for 20 d	Nib and CP genes of BCMV	[24]
	TMV Tobacco virus resistance for 7–20 d	CP, P126, RP of TMV	[25,26]
Fungi	Inhibits Botrytis cinerea disease	DCL1, DCL2 of Botrytis cinerea	[27]
	Efficiently inhibited Fusarium graminearum	CYP51A, CYP51B, CYP51C of F. graminearum	[28]
	Sclerotinia sclerotiorum/Botrytis cinerea	mRNA splicing, ribosome biogenesis, protein disulfide oxidoreductase, peroxisomal protein	[27]
	Fusarium asiaticum, Botrytis cinerea, Magnaporthe oryzae, Colletotrichum truncatum	β2-tubulin	[29]
	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Mycosphaerella fijiensi, Fusarium	adenylate cyclase, DNA polymerase alpha subunit/delta subunit/CYP51	[30,31]
Nematodes	Caenorhabditis elegans, Radopholus similis, Meloidogyne artiellia, Meloidogyne incognita, Globodera pallida	Several genes such as 16D10 peptide, chitin synthase, xylanase, glutathione-S- transferase, FMRF-like peptides	[18,32,33,34,35,36]
Insects	Coleopterans are highly sensitive, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera have different responses.	Several genes such as salivary protein C002, 16D10, αCOP, Cytochrome P450, Acetylcholinesterase, ABC transporter, β-actin, chitin synthase B	[37,38,39,40,41,42]
Endogenous plant genes	Arabidopsis, Tobacco, poplar, rice	Transgenes/CHS/EPSPS/STM/WER/MYB1/WRKY23	[43]

BCMV: potyvirus bean common mosaic virus, TMV: tobacco mosaic virus.