Figure 9.

General idealized and summarized cell biomaterial interaction for the reendothelialization mechanism as a result of immune response activation over TEVGs. On the desired outcome, during the first stages after the implantation of regenerative vascular grafts, neutrophils and monocytes adhere to the inner and outer surfaces. The chemoattractant responses of these cells induce the infiltration of different kinds of cells, including hematopoietic stem cells. The acute inflammation stages induce the attachment of endothelial precursors. After one month, infiltrated cells on the vascular wall will differentiate towards functional smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, and the adhered endothelial cells on the lumen will maturate. Therefore, a healthy endothelium will provide the required homeostasis for maintaining vascular graft patency (Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 7 November 2021).