Figure 5.

Relative gene expression of P. papatasi immunity genes in Leishmania-infected females with depleted gut bacteria (EG1) (A) Dorsal; (B) relish; (C) attacin; (D) defensin; (E) Leishmania actin. The y-axis represents relative gene expression as fold change values of Leishmania-infected females treated with AtbC (EG1) in comparison to the non-infected control group also treated with AtbC (dotted line) collected at the corresponding time points (A–D); Leishmania detection was expressed in comparison to 24 h (E). The x-axis indicates females collected at different times post infection. Vertical bars represent the average values of three independent experiments, and error bars represent the standard error. Two-way ANOVA was performed to determine significant differences (** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).