Table 4.

Changes in the properties starch upon chemical modification.

Property of Starch	Chemical Modification		Values		References
	Reaction Type	Reagent	Before	After
Viscosity	Oxidation	Sodium hypochlorite	173.8 mPa·s	151.8 mPa·s	[75]
	Grafting	Cassava starch grafted with Poly(acrylamide) (CS-g-PAM)	1717 mPa·s	4178 mPa·s	[76]
Tensile strength	Crosslinking	Epichlorohydrin (EPI)	10.04 MPa	15.51 MPa	[66]
	Crosslinking	Epichlorohydrin (EPI)	5.01 MPa	7.99 MPa	[67]
	Crosslinking	Sodium Trimetaphosphate (STMP)	5.01 MPa	8.23 MPa	[67]
	Crosslinking	Sodium Trimetaphosphate (STMP)/Sodium Tripolyphosphat (STPP)	5.01 MPa	7.57 MPa	[67]
	Alkali treatment	Sodium Hydroxide	9.51 MPa	10.03 MPa	[74]
	Etherification	Carboxymethyl starch	1.1 MPa	0.2 MPa	[77]
	Oxidation	Sodium hypochlorite	3.8 MPa	1.8 MPa	[75]
	Oxidation	Sodium hypochlorite	3.53 MPa	6.07 MPa	[78]
	Grafting	Thermoplastic Starch Grafted with Polylactic acid	2.40 MPa	0.06 MPa	[79]
	Oxidation	Sodium hypochlorite	3.88 MPa	5.05 MPa	[80]
	Oxidation	Sodium hypochlorite	4.66 MPa	8.39 MPa	[81]
	Oxidation	Hydrogen peroxide	18.8 MPa	24.7 MPa	[82]
	Etherification	Hydroxypropylated starch	3.1 MPa	4.9 MPa	[83]
	Grafting	Starch grafted with polystyrene	43 MPa	25 MPa	[84]
	Etherification	Carboxymethyl starch	31 MPa	14 MPa	[85]
Water vapour permeability	Crosslinking	Citric acid	33 g h−1·m−2	31 g·h−1·m−2	[61]
	Crosslinking	Citric acid	2.8 × 10−10 g/ms·Pa	1.8 × 10−10 g/ms·Pa	[63]
	Crosslinking	Epichlorohydrin (EPI)	6.19 g·mm/m2·day·KPa	1.89 g·mm/m2·day·KPa	[67]
	Crosslinking	Sodium Trimetaphosphate (STMP)	6.19 g·mm/m2·day·KPa	2.28 g·mm/m2·day·KPa	[67]
	Crosslinking	STMP/STPP	6.19 g·mm/m2·day·KPa	2.72 g·mm/m2·day·KPa	[67]
	Acid hydrolysis	Hydrochloric acid	3.16 × 10−12 g·cm·cm−2·s−1·Pa−1	5.74 × 10−12 g·cm·cm−2·s−1· Pa−1	[72]
	Acid hydrolysis	HCl (36%, w/w) at 45 °C for 24 h under stirring (225 rpm)	0.30 g·mm·day−1·m−2·mm·Hg−1	0.10 g·mm·day−1·m−2·mmHg−1	[73]
	Oxidation	Sodium hypochlorite	9.3 g·mm/m2·day·kPa	4.4 g·mm/m2·day·kPa	[75]
	Oxidation	Sodium hypochlorite	16.23 × 10−11 g·Pa−1· s−1·m−1	21.54 × 10−11 g·Pa−1·s−1·m−1	[80]
Elongation at break	Crosslinking	Epichlorohydrin (EPI)	200.42	217.11	[66]
	Etherification	Carboxymethyl starch	40%	140%	[77]
	Oxidation	Sodium hypochlorite	85.20%	84.90%	[78]
	Grafting	Thermoplastic Starch Grafted with Poly(lactic acid) (TPS-g-PLA)	68.00%	150.00%	[79]
	Oxidation	Sodium hypochlorite	17.91%	27.2%	[80]
	Oxidation	Hydrogen peroxide	650%	575%	[82]
	Oxidation	Hydroxypropylated starch	46.4%	43.5%	[83]
	Grafting	Poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted with modified Starch and styrene-butadiene rubber bio composites (PMMA-g-TPS/NR)	564%	888%	[86]
Thermal stability (Decomposition Temperature)	Esterification	Acetic anhydride	297 °C	352 °C	[87]
	Grafting	Corn starch grafted with Poly(methyl methacrylate) (CS-g-PMMA)	310 °C	332 °C	[88]
	Grafting	Starch grafted with N-tert-butylacrylamide	316 °C	343 °C	[89]
Moisture absorbance	Crosslinking	Citric acid	30%	20%	[65]
	Crosslinking	Phosphoryl chloride (POCl3)	6.72%	1.24%	[64]
	Crosslinking	Sodium Trimetaphosphate (STMP)	6.72%	3.29%	[64]
	Crosslinking	Epichlorohydrin (EPI)	6.72%	3.22%	[64]
Crystallinity	Crosslinking	Epichlorohydrin (EPI)	39.59%	38.11%	[66]
	Crosslinking	Epichlorohydrin (EPI)	16.10%	15.67%	[67]
	Crosslinking	Sodium Trimetaphosphate (STMP)	16.10%	15.13%	[67]
	Crosslinking	Sodium Trimetaphosphate (STMP)/Sodium Tripolyphosphat (STPP)	16.10%	14.79%	[67]