Table 2.
Sample Characteristics by Plasma Vitamin C Quintiles.
| Characteristics | n (Weighted %) | Deficiency | Hypo-Vitaminosis | Inadequate | Adequate | Saturating | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 467, | n = 722 | n = 1991, 26.17% | n = 2467, 32.43% | n = 1960, 25.77% | Effect Size 5 | |||
| 6.14% | 9.49% | |||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 3699 (48.7% ± 0.5) | 8.6% (±0.8) | 12.4% (±0.8) | 28.2% (±1.2) | 31.6% (±1.1) | 19.3% (±0.8) | <0.001 | 0.17 |
| Female | 3908 (51.3% ± 0.5) | 4.9% (±0.6) | 8.2% (±0.7) | 23.0% (±1.0) | 31.7% (±1.3) | 32.3% (±1.3) | ||
| Adulthood Stage | ||||||||
| Young (20–39) | 2751 (36.5% ± 0.8) | 6.6% (±0.8) | 11.0% (±0.9) | 28.9% (±1.1) | 31.8% (±1.3) | 21.7% (±1.4) | <0.001 | 0.11 |
| Middle (40–59) | 2295 (40.1% ± 0.8) | 7.9% (±1.0) | 11.0% (±0.7) | 26.3% (±1.0) | 32.8% (±1.2) | 22.1% (±1.2) | ||
| Late (≥60) | 2561 (22.3% ± 0.5) | 4.6% (±0.6) | 7.6% (±0.8) | 18.5% (±0.8) | 29.4% (±1.5) | 40.0% (±1.1) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||||||
| Mexican American | 1516 (7.6% ± 1.1) | 3.8% (±0.8) | 7.7% (±1.3) | 32.3% (±1.5) | 37.6% (±1.8) | 18.7% (±1.5) | ||
| Other Hispanic | 230 (3.4% ± 0.5) | 1.3% (±0.8) | 10.5% (±3.1) | 29.0% (±3.1) | 38.6% (±4.3) | 20.6% (±3.7) | 0.08 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 4305 (73.6% ± 2.1) | 7.6% (±0.7) | 10.6% (±0.7) | 23.2% (±0.9) | 30.5% (±1.1) | 28.2% (±1.1) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1536 (10.5% ± 1.2) | 5.5% (±0.8) | 8.3% (±1.0) | 34.7% (±1.6) | 32.3% (±1.7) | 19.1% (±1.2) | ||
| Other | 290 (4.9% ± 0.4) | 3.8% (±1.5) | 12.6% (±2.5) | 28.3% (±2.2) | 33.5% (±2.6) | 21.8% (±2.0) | ||
| Family PIR 1 | 0.002 | |||||||
| High (0–1.5) | 5206 (63.8% ± 1.1) | 6.3% (±0.6) | 11.1% (±0.7) | 26.5% (±0.7) | 31.5% (±1.2) | |||
| Medium (1.51–4.5) | 1614 (22.7% ± 0.5) | 9.5% (±1.6) | 9.8% (±1.1) | 24.2% (±1.3) | 31.0% (±1.6) | 24.5% (±0.9) | 0.06 | |
| Low (>4.51) | 787 (13.5% ± 0.6) | 3.7% (±1.1) | 7.0% (±1.0) | 22.9% (±2.4) | 33.4% (±1.6) | 25.5% (±1.8) | ||
| 33.1% (±2.1) | ||||||||
| Smoking Status | 0.001 | |||||||
| Yes | 1997 (29.4% ± 1.0) | 14.8% (±1.0) | 17.0% (±1.2) | 29.0% (±1.3) | 24.6% (±1.5) | 14.7% (±1.0) | 0.28 | |
| No | 5610 (70.6% ± 1.0) | 3.3% (±0.4) | 7.4% (±0.5) | 24.1% (±0.8) | 34.6% (±0.8) | 30.7% (±0.9) | ||
| Food Insecure | <0.001 | |||||||
| Yes | 1449 (14.1% ± 0.8) | 9.7% (±1.2) | 13.9% (±1.5) | 32.9% (±1.1) | 27.3% (±1.7) | 16.2% (±1.2) | 0.12 | |
| No | 6158 (85.9% ± 0.8) | 6.2% (±0.6) | 9.6% (±0.6) | 24.3% (±0.8) | 32.3% (±1.0) | 27.6% (±0.9) | ||
| BMI 2 | 7607 (100%) | 29.0 (±7.3) | 29.8 (±7.4) | 29.8 (±6.8) | 28.6 (±6.1) | 27.1 (±5.5) | <0.001 4 | 0.02 |
| Vitamin C Intake 3 | <0.001 4 | |||||||
| Day One | 7468 (98.1%) | 39.4 (±55.0) | 50.9 (±61.7) | 73.5 (±94.1) | 102.2 (±104.8) | 124.9 (±119.5) | 0.06 | |
| Day Two | 6886 (90.5%) | 41.6 (±68.7) | 60.2 (±74.2) | 84.2 (±89.1) | 104.7 (±106.8) | 118.8 (±103.4) |
1 Poverty to Income Ratio; 2 Body Mass Index (kg/m2) presented as mean/SD; 3 Reported as mg/day; 4 With Welch correction; 5 Cramer’s V (categorical) and R2 (continuous).