Table 3.
The role and mechanism of formula extracts in MFH and FF on T2DM through modulating gut microbiota.
| MFH and FF | Microbiota Findings | Mechanism | Test Sections | Study Type and Sequencing Method | Animals | Dose and Duration | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wumeiwan | ↓ Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Clostridium; ↑ Firmicutes, DeltaProteobacteria, Lactobacillus |
Improve SCFA, inhibit inflammatory mediums (TNF-α, IL-10) | Decoction concentrate | In vivo; 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis | Sprague-Dawley rats | 5, 10, 20 g/kg/day; 4 weeks | [97] |
| Daesiho-Tang | ↑ Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, Akkermansia Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus; ↓ Firmicutes |
Modulate intestinal microbiota | Water extracts | In vivo; 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis | Male C57BL/6 mice | 700 mg/kg/day; 12 weeks | [98] |
| Gegen Qinlian Decoction | ↑ Lactobacillus johnsonii, Stomatobaculum longum strain ACC2, Bacteroides vulgatus | Suppress inflammation: reduce the levels of LPS, TNF-α, IL-6 | Crude drugs | In vivo; 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis | KK-Ay mice | 4.44, 13.30, 40.00 g/kg/day; 4 weeks | [99] |
| A mixture of D. officinale and American ginseng | ↑ ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes, Prevotella, Akkermansia; and SCFA-producing bacteria; ↓ S24-7/Rikenella/Escherichia coli. |
Decrease inflammation (IL-6 and TNF-α) and oxidative stress; improve intestinal flora balance | Mixture of D. officinale and American ginseng | In vivo; 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis | Dogs | 160 mg/kg/day; 60 days | [100] |
|
Chinese Herbal Formula Shenzhu Tiaopi
Granule |
↑ Lactobacillus; ↓ Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, Bacteroidetes, Allobaculum, Desulfovibrionaceae |
Inhibit inflammation, ameliorate IR | Shenzhu Tiaopi Granule |
In vivo; 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis | Male Goto-Kakizaki (GK) | 1000 mg/kg/day; 8 weeks | [101] |
| Qijian Mixture | ↑ Bacteroidetes | Inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress | Qijian Mixture | In vivo; 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis | Male KKay mice | 1.795, 5.385 g/kg/day; 5 weeks | [102] |
| Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge.and Phellodendron chinense Schneid | ↓ Bacteroidetes; Bacilli, Lactobacillus ↑ Firmicutes, Proteobacteria; Clostridia, Romboutsia, Bacteroides |
Improve intestinal microbiota | Decoction concentrate | In vivo; 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis | Sprague-Dawley rats | 6.48 g/kg/day; 30 days | [103] |
| Combination of Aronia, Red Ginseng, Shiitake Mushroom and Nattokinase | ↓ Clostridales; ↑ Bacterioidales |
Improve IR | Water extracts of the combination | In vivo; 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis | Sprague Dawley rats | 0.5, 1.0 g/kg/day; 12 weeks | [104] |
| Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, SR and Coptis chinensis Franch, CR | ↑ SCFAs-producing bacteria: Bacteroidales S24-7 group_norank, Eubacterium nodatum group, Parasutterella, Prevotellaceae UCG-001, Ruminiclostridium, Ruminiclostridium
↓ Secondary bile acid-producing bacteria Escherichia Shigella; |
Increase microbially derived SCFAs | Water extracts | In vivo; 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | 6.3 g/kg/day; 1 month | [105] |
Abbreviations: IR, insulin resistance. ↑, Increase. ↓, Decrease.