Table 2.
Gene mutations in HNC responsible for chemotherapy resistance.
| Resistance to Chemotherapy Agent/Group of Agents | Gene Mutation Responsible for Chemoresistance | Normal Function of the Gene |
|---|---|---|
| Platinum compounds (cisplatin and carboplatin) | Copper transporter receptor 1 (CTR1) (Govindan et al., 2015) [44] |
Major copper influx transporter in cells |
| Excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) (Govindan et al., 2015) [44] |
Critical role within the nucleotide excision repair system of DNA | |
| Excision repair cross-complementation group 4 XPF (ERCC4) (Vaezi et al., 2011) [46] |
Protein involved in DNA binding and protein–protein interaction | |
| Lumican (LUM) (Yamano et al., 2010) [41] |
Proteoglycan involved in epithelial cell migration and tissue repair | |
| Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 3 (PDE3B) (Yamano et al., 2010) [41] |
Intracellular messengers that regulate numerous signalling pathways | |
| Platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) (Yamano et al., 2010) [41] |
Important role in connective tissue growth and function. Belongs to the PDGF/vascular endothelial growth factor family | |
| Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) (Yamano et al., 2010) [41] |
A glycoprotein produced in a variety of isoforms that induce cell growth and differentiation | |
| Protein kinase D (PKD2) (Yamano et al., 2010) [41] |
Propagates growth factor receptors at the cell surface | |
| Emmprin (CD147) (Huang et al., 2013, and Ma et al., 2017) [42,43] |
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer | |
| Antimetabolites (5-FU) | Thymidylate synthase (TS) (Govindan et al., 2015) [44] |
Key enzyme in DNA biosynthesis |
| Taxanes (docetaxel and paclitaxel) |
Caspase-8 (CASP8) (Stupack et al., 2013) [40] |
Initiates programmed cell death |
| Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) (Zhou et al., 2015) [47] |
Role in the development of mesenchymal tissues |