Table 1.
Xerostomia, dry mouth and hyposalivation associated with COVID-19.
| Patients and Diagnosis | Disease Severity | Country or Ethnicity | Number of Patients | Age (Year), Mean or Median (Range) | Female (%) | Oral Symptoms | Prevalence (%) | Comorbidities | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients diagnosed by RT-PCR test | NR | Italy (European 88%, Asian 12%) |
50 | 37.7 (18–65) | 40.0 | Xerostomia Taste dysfunction in the early phase Xerostomia Taste dysfunction after 15 days from RT-PCR test negativity |
32.0 70.0 2.0 8.0 |
DM (6.0%) HT (16.0%) CRD (10.0%) TD (8.0%) Asthma (14.0%) |
Freni et al. [6] |
| Non-hospitalized patients diagnosed by RT-PCR test | Mild | Israel | 128 | 36.3 (18–73) | 54.7 | Dry mouth Taste dysfunction in the early phase Changes in Sweet taste Salty taste Sour taste |
56.3 52.3 47.7 42.2 41.4 |
DM (2.3%) HT (6.3%) TD (3.1%) Asthma (1.6%) |
Biadsee et al. [7] |
| Patients diagnosed by real-time RT- PCR test | Mostly mild to moderate | Italy | 111 | 57 (48–67) | 47.7 | Xerostomia Dysgeusia in the early phase |
45.9 59.5 |
DM (9.0%) HT (26.1%) CPD (9.9%) |
Fantozzi et al. [14] |
| Hospitalized patients | NR | Italy | 20 | 69.2 | 45.0 | Xerostomia Taste impairment Swallowing difficulty Burning sensation during hospitalization |
30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 |
DM (15%) HT (40%) TD (25%) |
Sinjari et al. [15] |
| Hospitalized patients diagnosed according to the official guideline and by SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection | NR | China | 108 | 52.0 (one female, age data missed) | 51.9 | Dry mouth Amblygeustia in the early phase |
46.3 47.2 |
NR | Chen et al. [8] |
| Hospitalized patients diagnosed by real-time RT- PCR test | Moderate to severe | Italy | 122 | 62.5 | 24.6 | Dry mouth Salivary gland ectasia Taste alteration after 95–132 days from hospital discharge |
24.6 37.7 42 |
DM (26.7%) HT (40.0%) CPD (20.0%) CKD (6.7%) |
Gherlone et al. [16] |
| Non-hospitalized patients diagnosed by PCR test | Mild to moderate | Egypt | 573 | 36.2 (19–50) | 71.2 | Xerostomia Halitosis Ulcerations in patients recovered from COVID-19 |
47.6 10.5 20.4 |
Medically free and not suffering from any oral manifestations before disease onset | AbuBakr et al. [17] |
| Patients diagnosed by PCR test who completed treatment at hospital or home at least 2 weeks ago | Mild to moderate | Turkey | 107 | 34.5 (13–70) | 47.7 | Xerostomia Hyposalivation Taste impairment after 2–4 weeks from hospital discharge |
40.2 18.5 56.1 |
Neither comorbidities nor medications to affect saliva flow/amount | Omezli & Torul [18] |
| Hospitalized patients diagnosed by RT-PCR test and lung CT scan | NR | Iran | 10 | 42.6 (19–49) | 50 | Xerostomia 3–4 days before prodromal symptoms such as fever and respiratory complications |
60 | GD (30%) | Fathi et al. [19] |
| Non-hospitalized patients diagnosed by RT-PCR test | Mild | Israel | 97 | 37.5 (19–74) | 55.7 | Xerostomia Taste dysfunction at the first survey Xerostomia Taste dysfunction after 191–253 days from RT-PCR test negativity |
61.9 67.0 14.4 25.8 |
NR | Biadsee et al. [20] |
| Hospitalized patients diagnosed by RT-PCR test | NR | Egypt | 58 | 18–46 | 46.6 | Dry mouth Taste dysfunction during disease |
39.7 34.5 |
NR | El Kady et al. [21] |
| Patients diagnosed by PCR test | Ambulatory (35.0%), severe (41.0%), Critical (24.0%) | Colombia | 100 | 49 (37.8–55.3) | 53.0 | Xerostomia Ageusia after 219 days from symptom onset |
26.0 53.0 |
DM (15.0%) HT (17.0%) CPD (1.0%) TD (12.0%) CKD (3.0%) |
Anaya et al. [22] |
NR: Not reported. RT-PCR: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. DM: Diabetes mellitus. HT: Hypertension. CRD: Chronic respiratory disease. CPD: Chronic pulmonary disease. TD: Thyroid disease. CKD: Chronic kidney disease. GD: gastrointestinal disorder. Demographic data and disease severity at baseline.