Table 1.

Results of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the effects of cultivar (C; degrees of freedom, df: 1), waterlogging (WL; df: 1), and their interaction (C × WL; df: 1) on water status, and physiological, biochemical, and biometric parameters in durum wheat cultivars Emilio Lepido and Svevo subjected to 0, 14, or 35 days of waterlogging (DOW). Data are F values and p levels (***: p ≤ 0.001, **: p ≤ 0.01, *: p ≤ 0.05, ns: p > 0.05). ND: not determinable (i.e., all plants with one culm per plant).

Parameter	0 DOW			14 DOW			35 DOW
	C	WL	C × WL	C	WL	C × WL	C	WL	C × WL
A	0.26 ns	0.61 ns	0.04 ns	7.05 *	19.74 ***	5.78 *	0.15 ns	45.83 ***	0.56 ns
gs	0.51 ns	0.01 ns	0.02 ns	3.54 ns	7.52 *	5.10 *	0.07 ns	42.04 ***	0.99 ns
Ci	4.38 ns	0.07 ns	0.00 ns	1.05 ns	0.46 ns	0.01 ns	3.18 ns	1.56 ns	0.20 ns
WUEin	0.73 ns	0.11 ns	0.08 ns	0.07 ns	0.01 ns	4.78 *	19.86 ***	11.03 **	7.03 *
Fv/Fm	21.59 ***	0.02 ns	0.07 ns	0.03 ns	3.34 ns	0.04 ns	0.06 ns	1.19 ns	0.14 ns
ΦPSII	0.26 ns	0.75 ns	0.69 ns	1.77 ns	1.07 ns	3.62 ns	24.77 ***	26.91 ***	7.62 *
qP	0.70 ns	0.07 ns	0.15 ns	0.23 ns	37.78 ***	1.42 ns	21.51 ***	9.10 *	2.11 ns
qNP	0.20 ns	0.25 ns	0.17 ns	3.43 ns	47.63 ***	0.26 ns	39.99 ***	29.36 ***	12.16 **
Ψw	2.40 ns	0.27 ns	0.27 ns	0.03 *	3.98 ns	0.05 ns	1.50 ns	1.50 ns	1.50 ns
Ψπ	0.40 ns	0.42 ns	0.00 ns	0.01 ns	0.02 ns	3.05 ns	2.12 ns	18.41 **	4.18 ns
RWC	6.62 *	0.00 ns	0.15 ns	0.03 ns	5.11 *	0.11 ns	1.94 ns	5.74 *	3.75 ns
ChlTOT	11.90 **	0.06 ns	0.28 ns	10.52 *	16.58 **	7.06 *	17.54 **	64.52 ***	8.65 *
CarTOT	2.84 ns	0.05 ns	0.01 ns	4.64 ns	9.26 *	1.66 ns	0.00 ns	32.77 ***	4.20 ns
Chl a/b	149.67 ***	0.20 ns	0.03 ns	24.29 **	3.47 ns	4.27 ns	2.17 ns	1.92 ns	0.61 ns
β-car	4.52 ns	0.02 ns	0.00 ns	16.02 **	1.87 ns	0.45 ns	1.50 ns	1.98 ns	0.64 ns
DEPS	647.98 ***	0.01 ns	0.14 ns	2.45 ns	2.90 ns	3.99 ns	1.80 ns	3.24 ns	0.80 ns
Leaf MDA	139.95 ***	0.00 ns	0.12 ns	2.25 ns	24.71 **	1.08 ns	63.41 ***	16.66 **	4.08 ns
Leaf H2O2	329.04 ***	0.06 ns	0.00 ns	0.76 ns	2.38 ns	1.39 ns	369.70 ***	14.28 **	2.41 ns
Root MDA	883.67 ***	0.77 ns	0.43 ns	3.06 ns	114.77 ***	1.13 ns	60.53 ***	1.32 ns	0.82 ns
Root H2O2	5.68 *	0.75 ns	0.45 ns	0.86 ns	91.29 ***	42.98 ***	97.88 ***	569.87 ***	5.39 *
Leaf K+	8.31 *	0.54 ns	1.00 ns	17.71 **	473.36 ***	3.66 ns	10.36 *	127.35 ***	44.91 ***
Leaf Ca2+	29.00 ***	1.27 ns	0.72 ns	148.98 ***	26.72 ***	41.21 ***	7.09 *	37.48 ***	53.49 ***
Root K+	1.50 ns	0.00 ns	0.68 ns	6.12 *	0.64 ns	25.33 **	34.83 ***	214.65 ***	3.13 ns
Root Ca2+	57.15 ***	0.62 ns	0.01 ns	99.30 ***	1.88 ns	0.47 ns	0.81 ns	108.80 ***	69.69 ***
Culms	ND	ND	ND	0.62 ns	13.41 **	0.01 ns	10.76 *	35.98 ***	32.51 ***
Shoot biomass	25.86 ***	0.00 ns	0.00 ns	27.39 ***	24.53 **	0.16 ns	21.77 **	58.30 ***	10.09 *
Root biomass	27.08 ***	0.00 ns	0.00 ns	3.71 ns	73.85 ***	0.39 ns	3.18 ns	28.57 ***	0.27 ns
Shoot-to-root biomass	18.88 **	0.00 ns	0.00 ns	0.86 ns	148.43 ***	7.43 *	0.097 ns	55.97 ***	10.04 *

Parameter abbreviations: A, CO₂ assimilation rate; g_s, stomatal conductance; C_i, intercellular CO₂ concentration; WUE_in, intrinsic water-use efficiency (i.e., A/g_s); F_v/F_m, maximum quantum efficiency of the photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry; Φ_PSII, PSII-operating efficiency in light conditions; qP, photochemical quenching; qNP, non-photochemical quenching; Ψ_w, leaf water potential; Ψ_π, leaf osmotic potential; RWC, relative water content; Chl_TOT, total chlorophylls; Car_TOT, total carotenoids; Chl a/b, chlorophyll a/b ratio; β-car, β –carotene; DEPS, de-epoxidation state; MDA, malondialdehyde; H₂O₂, hydrogen peroxide; K⁺, potassium ion; Ca²⁺, calcium ion.