Table 3.
Association between levels of social networks and depressive symptoms.
| Outcome: Depressive Symptoms RR (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | Model E | |
| Levels of Social Network Size (Reference: network size 0) | |||||
| Age | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02)*** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)*** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)*** | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02)*** | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02)** |
| Female | 1.42 (1.26, 1.60)*** | 1.44 (1.27, 1.63)*** | 1.44 (1.27, 1.63)*** | 1.36 (1.21, 1.54)*** | 1.34 (1.20, 1.51)*** |
| Education | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | |
| Income | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92)*** | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91)*** | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92)*** | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98)* | |
| Years in the U.S. | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Years in the Community | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00)** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00)** | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | ||
| Medical Comorbidities | 1.16 (1.12, 1.21)*** | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | |||
| Overall Health Status | 1.82 (1.70, 1.95)*** | ||||
| Health Change in the Past Year | 1.33 (1.25, 1.43)*** | ||||
| Network Size 1–2 | 0.79 (0.53, 1.18) | 0.78 (0.51, 1.18) | 0.78 (0.51, 1.18) | 0.78 (0.52, 1.17) | 0.72 (0.49, 1.05) |
| Network Size 3–5 | 0.61 (0.41, 0.91) * | 0.60 (0.40, 0.90) * | 0.59 (0.39, 0.89) * | 0.61 (0.41, 0.91) * | 0.59 (0.41, 0.85) ** |
| Levels of Volume of Contact (Reference: low level of contact) | |||||
| Age | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)*** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)*** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)*** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02)*** | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02)*** |
| Female | 1.42 (1.25, 1.60)*** | 1.42 (1.26, 1.61)*** | 1.43 (1.26, 1.61)*** | 1.35 (1.19, 1.52)*** | 1.34 (1.19, 1.50)*** |
| Education | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | |
| Income | 0.87 (0.83, 0.92)*** | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92)*** | 0.87 (0.82, 0.93)*** | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99)* | |
| Years in the U.S. | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Years in the Community | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00)** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00)** | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | ||
| Medical Comorbidities | 1.17 (1.12, 1.22)*** | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) | |||
| Overall Health Status | 1.83 (1.70, 1.96)*** | ||||
| Health Change in the Past Year | 1.33 (1.24, 1.42)*** | ||||
| Medium Level of Contact | 0.74 (0.64, 0.86) *** | 0.75 (0.65, 0.87) *** | 0.75 (0.65, 0.87) *** | 0.74 (0.64, 0.86) *** | 0.80 (0.70, 0.92) ** |
| High Level of Contact | 0.81 (0.70, 0.93) ** | 0.81 (0.70, 0.94) ** | 0.81 (0.70, 0.94) ** | 0.80 (0.69, 0.92) ** | 0.81 (0.71, 0.93) ** |
| Levels of Emotional Closeness (Reference: low level of closeness) | |||||
| Age | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02)*** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)*** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)*** | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02)*** | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02)*** |
| Female | 1.47 (1.30, 1.66)*** | 1.50 (1.33, 1.70)*** | 1.50 (1.33, 1.70)*** | 1.42 (1.25, 1.60)*** | 1.39 (1.24, 1.55)*** |
| Education | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02)* | |
| Income | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92)*** | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92)*** | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92)*** | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99)* | |
| Years in the U.S. | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Years in the Community | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00)** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00)** | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | ||
| Medical Comorbidities | 1.16 (1.11, 1.21)*** | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) | |||
| Overall Health Status | 1.77 (1.65, 1.90)*** | ||||
| Health Change in the Past Year | 1.35 (1.26, 1.44)*** | ||||
| High Level of Closeness | 0.59 (0.52, 0.66) *** | 0.59 (0.52, 0.66) *** | 0.59 (0.52, 0.66) *** | 0.59 (0.53, 0.67) *** | 0.66 (0.59, 0.73) *** |
RR = rate ratio; CI = confidence interval. Depressive symptoms were measured by PHQ-9, ranging from 0 to 27.
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001.