. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Gerontol. 2019 Jul 19;44(2):181–191. doi: 10.1080/07317115.2019.1642973

Table 4.

Association between social networks and depression.

	Outcome: Depression OR (95% CI)
	Model A	Model B	Model C	Model D	Model E
	Social Network Size
Age	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.02(1.01, 1.04)^***	1.02(1.00, 1.03)^**	1.01(1.00, 1.02)
Female	1.62(1.35, 1.95)^***	1.65(1.36, 1.99)^***	1.64(1.35, 1.98)^***	1.51(1.24, 1.83)^***	1.61(1.31, 1.98)^***
Education		1.01(0.99, 1.02)	1.00(0.99, 1.02)	1.00(0.98, 1.02)	1.01(0.99, 1.03)
Income		0.84(0.76, 0.93)^***	0.84(0.76, 0.94)^**	0.85(0.76, 0.95)^**	0.91(0.81, 1.02)
Years in the U.S.			1.01(1.00, 1.02)	1.01(1.00, 1.02)	1.00(0.99, 1.01)
Years in the Community			0.98(0.97, 1.00)^**	0.99(0.98, 1.00)^**	1.00(0.98, 1.01)
Medical Comorbidities				1.23(1.16, 1.31)^***	1.03(0.96, 1.10)
Overall Health Status					2.67(2.31, 3.08)^***
Health Change in the Past Year					1.60(1.41, 1.83)^***
Network Size	0.86(0.81, 0.91) ^***	0.85(0.80, 0.90) ^***	0.85(0.80, 0.90) ^***	0.85(0.80, 0.90) ^***	0.83(0.77, 0.88) ^***
	Volume of Contact
Age	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.02(1.01, 1.04)^***	1.02(1.00, 1.03)^*	1.01(1.00, 1.02)
Female	1.64(1.36, 1.98)^***	1.67(1.38, 2.03)^***	1.67(1.38, 2.03)^***	1.53(1.26, 1.87)^***	1.57(1.27, 1.94)^***
Education		1.00(0.99, 1.02)	1.00(0.98, 1.02)	1.00(0.98, 1.01)	1.01(0.99, 1.03)
Income		0.86(0.78, 0.95)^**	0.87(0.78, 0.96)^**	0.87(0.78, 0.97)^*	0.93(0.83, 1.04)
Years in the U.S.			1.01(1.00, 1.02)	1.00(1.00, 1.02)	1.00(0.99, 1.01)
Years in the Community			0.99(0.98, 1.00)^*	0.99(0.98, 1.00)^*	1.00(0.98, 1.01)
Medical Comorbidities				1.24(1.16, 1.32)^***	1.05(0.98, 1.12)
Overall Health Status					2.61(2.26, 3.02)^***
Health Change in the Past Year					1.59(1.39, 1.81)^***
Volume of Contact	0.84(0.77, 0.93) ^***	0.84(0.76, 0.92) ^***	0.84(0.77, 0.93) ^***	0.84(0.76, 0.92) ^***	0.87(0.79, 0.97) ^*
	Emotional Closeness
Age	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.01(1.00, 1.03)^*	1.01(1.00, 1.02)
Female	1.76(1.45, 2.13)^***	1.83(1.50, 2.23)^***	1.81(1.49, 2.21)^***	1.67(1.37, 2.04)^***	1.70(1.37, 2.10)^***
Education		1.01(0.99, 1.03)	1.01(0.99, 1.03)	1.00(0.98, 1.02)	1.01(0.99, 1.03)
Income		0.85(0.77, 0.94)^**	0.86(0.77, 0.96)^**	0.86(0.77, 0.96)^**	0.92(0.82, 1.03)
Years in the U.S.			1.01(1.00, 1.02)	1.00(0.99, 1.01)	1.00(0.99, 1.01)
Years in the Community			0.99(0.98, 1.00)^*	0.99(0.98, 1.00)	1.00(0.99, 1.01)
Medical Comorbidities				1.24(1.16, 1.32)^***	1.05(0.98, 1.13)
Overall Health Status					2.47(2.13, 2.86)^***
Health Change in the Past Year					1.65(1.44, 1.88)^***
Emotional Closeness	0.47(0.41, 0.54) ^***	0.47(0.40, 0.54) ^***	0.46(0.40, 0.54) ^***	0.46(0.40, 0.54) ^***	0.51(0.43, 0.59) ^***
	Levels of Social Network Size (Reference: network size 0)
Age	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.02(1.00, 1.03)^*	1.01(1.00, 1.02)
Female	1.61(1.34, 1.94)^***	1.64(1.36, 1.98)^***	1.63(1.35, 1.97)^***	1.50(1.24, 1.82)^***	1.60(1.30, 1.97)^***
Education		1.01(0.99, 1.03)	1.01(0.99, 1.02)	1.00(0.98, 1.02)	1.01(0.99, 1.03)
Income		0.84(0.76, 0.93)^***	0.85(0.76, 0.94)^**	0.85(0.77, 0.95)^**	0.91(0.82, 1.02)
Years in the U.S.			1.01(1.00, 1.02)	1.01(1.00, 1.02)	1.00(0.99, 1.01)
Years in the Community			0.99(0.97, 1.00)^**	0.99(0.98, 1.00)^**	1.00(0.98, 1.01)
Medical Comorbidities				1.23(1.16, 1.31)^***	1.03(0.96, 1.11)
Overall Health Status					2.65(2.29, 3.06)^***
Health Change in the Past Year					1.61(1.41, 1.84)^***
Network Size 1–2	0.64(0.38, 1.08)	0.63(0.37, 1.10)	0.66(0.38, 1.14)	0.63(0.36, 1.09)	0.62(0.34, 1.14)
Network Size 3–5	0.42(0.25, 0.70) ^***	0.40(0.23, 0.69) ^***	0.41(0.24, 0.71) ^**	0.40(0.23, 0.68) ^***	0.36(0.20, 0.66) ^***
	Levels of Volume of Contact (Reference: low level of contact)
Age	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.02(1.01, 1.04)^***	1.02(1.01, 1.04)^***	1.02(1.00, 1.03)^**	1.01(1.00, 1.03)
Female	1.65(1.37, 1.99)^***	1.69(1.39, 2.05)^***	1.68(1.39, 2.04)^***	1.55(1.27, 1.89)^***	1.60(1.29, 1.97)^***
Education		1.00(0.99, 1.02)	1.00(0.98, 1.02)	1.00(0.98, 1.01)	1.01(0.99, 1.03)
Income		0.86(0.78, 0.95)^**	0.86(0.78, 0.96)^**	0.87(0.78, 0.97)^**	0.93(0.83, 1.04)
Years in the U.S.			1.01(1.00, 1.02)	1.01(1.00, 1.02)	1.00(0.99, 1.01)
Years in the Community			0.99(0.97, 1.00)^**	0.99(0.98, 1.00)^*	1.00(0.98, 1.01)
Medical Comorbidities				1.24(1.17, 1.32)^***	1.05(0.97, 1.12)
Overall Health Status					2.63(2.27, 3.04)^***
Health Change in the Past Year					1.58(1.38, 1.81)^***
Medium Level of Contact	0.67(0.54, 0.84) ^***	0.67(0.54, 0.84) ^***	0.67(0.54, 0.84) ^***	0.65(0.52, 0.82) ^***	0.71(0.56, 0.90) ^**
High Level of Contact	0.85(0.69, 1.05)	0.85(0.68, 1.05)	0.86(0.69, 1.07)	0.85(0.68, 1.06)	0.96(0.76, 1.21)
	Levels of Emotional Closeness (Reference: low level of closeness)
Age	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.02(1.01, 1.03)^***	1.02(1.01, 1.04)^***	1.02(1.00, 1.03)^*	1.01(1.00, 1.02)
Female	1.69(1.40, 2.04)^***	1.75(1.44, 2.13)^***	1.74(1.43, 2.12)^***	1.60(1.31, 1.95)^***	1.63(1.32, 2.01)^***
Education		1.01(0.99, 1.03)	1.01(0.99, 1.03)	1.00(0.98, 1.02)	1.01(0.99, 1.03)
Income		0.86(0.78, 0.95)^**	0.86(0.77, 0.96)^**	0.86(0.78, 0.96)^**	0.92(0.82, 1.03)
Years in the U.S.			1.01(1.00, 1.02)	1.00(0.99, 1.02)	1.00(0.99, 1.01)
Years in the Community			0.99(0.98, 1.00)^*	0.99(0.98, 1.00)^*	1.00(0.99, 1.01)
Medical Comorbidities				1.24(1.16, 1.32)^***	1.05(0.98, 1.12)
Overall Health Status					2.52(2.17, 2.92)^***
Health Change in the Past Year					1.62(1.42, 1.85)^***
High Level of Closeness	0.50(0.42, 0.61) ^***	0.50(0.42, 0.60) ^***	0.50(0.41, 0.60) ^***	0.50(0.41, 0.60) ^***	0.57(0.47, 0.70) ^***

Depression was a categorical variable (0 = no depression; 1 = depression). OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.

p < .05,

^**

p < .01,

^***

p < .001.