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. 2021 Jul 24;28(12):6829–6843. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.053

Table 2.

Review table of individual plants in polyherbal formulations against bacterial and fungal pathogens.

Plant name/ Part used Pathogen Concentration (mg/ml) Inhibition zone (mm) MIC (mg/ml) MBC (mg/ml) Compounds References
A. aspera Seeds E. coli 0.25–25 5–20 1.024 NA Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides and flavonoids (Abi Beaulah et al., 2011, BK et al., 2013, Kaveti et al., 2013, Srinivasulu et al., 2016, Talreja et al., 2017
K. pneumoniae 0.25–1 11.2–20 1.024
S. flexneri 0.25–1 10.1–13.8 NA
P. vulgaris 0.25–1 8.8–25
P. aeruginosa 0.25–1 12–20
S. aureus 0.25–25 1–13.7
S. typhi NA
P. mirabilis
V. cholerae
A. nigar
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



B. monosperma Seeds S. typhi 50 7 NA NA Polyphenols, glycosides, quinines, anthracyanosides, flavonic glycosides, coumarins (Maharjan et al., 2011)
E. coli NA
S. flexneri
P. mirabilis
P. vulgaris
V. cholerae
P. aeruginosa
K. pneumoniae
S. aureus
A. nigar
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



C. colocynthis Fruit A. nigar 15–100 5–23 1–3.12 6.25 α-Dglucopyranoside, O-α-D-glucopyranosyl, phthalic acid and y-tocopherol. Alkaloid ,Tannins, Saponins , Flavonoids
Unsaturated sterols and terpens, Sterol and steroid Terpenoids and Cardiac glycosides, Cucurbitacin		 (Ali et al., 2013, Doss et al., 2011, Eidi et al., 2015, Gurudeeban et al., 2010, Hameed et al., 2020, Hany and Neelam, 2020, Hussain et al., 2011, Idan et al., 2015, Nora et al., 2015, Thangavel and Ramasamy, 2019)
A. fumigatus 15–100 6–19 1.56 3.12
E. coli 40–60 3–16 0.5–13.9 NA
P. mirabilis 0.3 2–10 1
P. vulgaris 0.3 12.3 1
S. aureus 25–100 2.9–22 0.25–10.8
P. aeruginosa 25–100 4.9–19 0.5–13.9
K. pneumoniae 25–100 9.4–19 1–13.9
S. typhi NA 10 1
F. oxysporum 25–100 10–15 NA
S. flexneri NA 5
V. cholerae NA
Rhizopus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



C. cyminum Seeds E. coli 0.5–250 2–31 0.12–20 0.25–40 Gallic acid, tannin, Coumarin, terpenoids, 2-methyl-4isopropyliden-cyclopentan-1-al, 1-methyl-4-isopropyl-3-cyclohexen-1-ol, monoterpene, 4-isopropylcyclohex-1, 3-dien-1-yl) methanol, 4-isopropyl-1-cyclohexen-1-carbaldehyde, (3,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-cyclopenten-1-yl) p-cymene, 8a-methyl octahydro-2(1H)- naphthalenone, p-cymen-7-ol, o-cymen-5-ol, p-cymen-3-ol,6-allyl-4,5 dimethoxy-1,3 benzodioxole 3-isopropyl phenol, (Akbar et al., 2019, Allaithy, 2017, Chaudhary et al., 2014, Dua et al., 2013b, Mostafa et al., 2018, Saee et al., 2016, Saeidi et al., 2015, Shahid et al., 2013, Sheikh et al., 2010, Shete and Chitanand, 2014, Singh and Tripathi, 2018, Srivastava et al., 2016)
P. aeruginosa 2–33.33 10–25 0.25–6.25 0.5
S. typhi 0.5–250 8–35 40 60
K. pneumoniae 0.5–250 8–22 0.12–40 0.25–60
S. aureus 0.5–250 9–36 0.12–40 0.25–60
P. mirabilis 50–100 11.5–12 NA
V. cholerae 0.5 8–17
A. nigar 0.5 17
A. fumigatus 0.5 15
P. vulgaris NA
S. flexneri
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



C. fistula Seeds, seed cover E. coli 100 4.83–16 50 NA 2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-39(2H)-furan-3-one, á-D-Glucopyranoside , O-á-D-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.3)-ß-D-fruc, d-Mannose, 5,7-Dodecadiyn - 1,12- diol, 3- Tr ifluor oacetoxypentadecane, 3-Trifluoroacetoxypenta decane, Pterin-6-carboxylic acid, Imidazole-4-carboxylic acid ,2-fluoro-1-methoxymethyl-,ethyl ester, D-Carvone, (Gupta et al., 2015, Kadhim et al., 2016, Subramanion et al., 2010)
S. typhi 100 4.15–25 3.12
S. aureus 25–100 5–18 12.5
S. flexneri 100 9 NA
P. mirabilis 100 6
P. aeruginosa 100 5.73
K. pneumoniae 100 5
A. nigar 100 5.8
F. oxysporum 100 5
A. fumigatus 100 6
Trichoderma 100 5
P. vulgaris NA
V. cholerae
Rhizopus
F. graminearum



C. limon Fruit juice/extract E. coli 0.2–1 11–19 0.5–50 0.1–1 Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, quinines, terpenoids and carbohydrate, cyanogenetic, cardic and steroidal glycosides, tannins, saponins, and water-soluble vitamins (Singh et al., 2020b) (Bhuiyan et al., 2019, Ekawati and Darmanto, 2019, Hindi and Chabuck, 2013, Kumari et al., 2014, Liya and Siddique, 2018, Oikeh et al., 2016, Okeke et al., 2015, Sah et al., 2011, Shakya et al., 2019)
S. aureus 0.2 14–26 0.025–25 0.05
K. pneumoniae 0.2 18–30 0.0035 0.05
S. typhi 0.1–1 6–30 0.025–12.5 0.05
P. aeruginosa 0.2 10–19 0.0125 0.05
A. nigar 0.2 4–12 0.05 0.1
P. vulgaris 0.2 17–20 0.001–6.5 NA
S. flexneri 100-1000 ug/disc 9-15 NA
V. cholerae NA
P. mirabilis
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



C. nucifera Fruit E. coli 0.5–1.5 0–10 NA NA Phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins (Chakraborty and Mitra, 2008, Igwe and Ugwunnaji, 2016)
S. aureus 0.5–1.5 8–15
P. aeruginosa NA 16
A. nigar 12
V. cholerae NA
S. flexneri
P. mirabilis
K. pneumoniae
P. vulgaris
S. typhi
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



C. sinensis leaves P. aeruginosa 0.1–200 10–19 5 >5 Phenol, flavonoids, catechin, alkaloids, tannins and alkaloid (Agbom et al., 2020, Archana and Abraham, 2011, Bashir et al., 2014, Chakrabort and Chakrabort, 2010, Dzotam and Kuete, 2017, Farooqui et al., 2015, Fazal and Rauf, 2015, Latteef, 2016, Mehta et al., 2016, Rajeswari, 2015, Roy et al., 2018, Vasudeo and Sonika, 2009)
E. coli 0.1–200 3.6–32 3.25–100 >5
S. flexneri 3–48 2–26 2.5–12 >5
S. aureus 0.1–200 0.8–20 0.1–0.39 1.56
S. typhi 3–48 2.3–28.4 12 60
V. cholerae 3–48 1.6–30.1 6 NA
K. pneumoniae NA 22 0.512
P. mirabilis 25 NA
A. nigar 5
F. oxysporum 6
A. fumigatus 30
P. vulgaris NA
Rhizopus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



C. zedoaria Rhizome V. cholerae 0.5 0 NA NA (Das and Rahman, 2012, Shahriar, 2010) 26]
E. coli 0.5–40 9–18
S. typhi 0.5 16
P. aeruginosa 0.5–40 5–13
K. pneumoniae 0.5 0
S. aureus 0.5–40 16
A. nigar 0.5–40 11–14
A. fumigatus 40 12
Trichoderma 40 5
S. flexneri NA
P. mirabilis
P. vulgaris
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
F. graminearum



C. zeylanicum Bark S. aureus 10–150 11–14 25 NA NA (Aneja et al., 2009, Saliem and AbedSalih, 2018, Singh et al., 2020a, Vyas et al., 2015)
E. coli 0.1–10 4–12 NA
P. aeruginosa 10–150 9–14
K. pneumoniae 1–2 9–10
A. nigar 10 13
V. cholerae NA
S. flexneri
P. mirabilis
P. vulgaris
S. typhi
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



E. cardamomum Fruit/seeds S. aureus 100 6–38 2–50 2.5– >50 terpenoids flavonoids and glycosides (Al-Judaibi et al., 2014, Aneja and Joshi, 2009, Bano et al., 2016, Islam et al., 2010, Kaushik et al., 2010, Singh et al., 2008)
S. typhi 100 6.5–22 25 50
P. aeruginosa 100 8.5–16 49 75
K. pneumoniae 100 14 50 50
E. coli 50 8.5-16.5 NA
V. cholerae NA
S. flexneri
P. mirabilis
P. vulgaris
A. nigar
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



E. jambolana Seeds S. aureus 0.050–1 6–25 0.125 0.125 NA (Chandrasekaran and Venkatesalu, 2004, Mehreen et al., 2016, Ogato et al., 2015, Raju et al., 2011, Saha et al., 2013a)
E. coli 0.050–1 4–15 0.250 0.5
S. typhi 0.050–1 5–18 0.125 0.5
P. aeruginosa 0.050–1 5–23 0.250 0.5
K. pneumoniae 0.050–1 4 0.25 0.5
A. nigar 0.050–1 6–11 0.0625 0.125
Rhizopus 0.050–1 10 0.0625 0.125
A. fumigatus 0.050–1 12 0.0625 0.250
S. flexneri 25–100 20–26 NA
V. cholerae NA
P. mirabilis
P. vulgaris
F. oxysporum
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



F. asafetida Root/ Gum resine S. aureus 1–5 5–20 0.5 NA Alakaloids, tannins, glycosoids, flavonoids,saponins (Patil et al., 2015, Sharma et al., 2016, Shrivastava et al., 2012)
E. coli 1–5 16–19 1
K. pneumoniae 2–4 14–17 1
A. nigar 2–4 14–17 1
P. aeruginosa 1–5 13.9 NA
S. flexneri NA
V. cholerae
P. mirabilis
P. vulgaris
S. typhi
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



F. vulgare Seeds S. aureus 0.05–0.4 3.33–20 0.0125–0.5 NA terpenoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids and glycosides, gallic acid, catechin, quercetin (Agarwal et al., 2017, Al-Hadid, 2017, Al Akeel et al., 2014, Allaithy, 2017, Arman et al., 2019, Beyazen et al., 2017, Chang et al., 2016, Dua et al., 2013a, Jayalakshmi et al., 2011, Salami et al., 2016, Shahid et al., 2013)
E. coli 0.4–100 2–19 0.015–0.25
S. typhi 1–15 11–25 0.015–0.5
P. aeruginosa 0.4–100 1.33,14–19 >33.33
V. cholerae 0.4 4.33 NA
P. mirabilis 50-100 10.5-16
P. vulgaris 0.0044 12
K. pneumoniae 10-15 12-15
A. nigar NA 15.6
S. flexneri NA
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



M. piperita Leaves E. coli 0.21 0.49 (Ali et al., Elansary et al., 2020)
P. aeruginosa 0.16 0.47
S. aureus 0.17 0.37
A. nigar 19
A. fumigatus 15
V. cholerae NA
S. flexneri
S. typhi
K. pneumoniae
P. mirabilis
P. vulgaris
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



O. basilicum Seeds S. aureus 25–100 5–11 0.125 NA NA (Adigüzel et al., 2005, Ahmad et al., 2016, Gajendiran et al., 2016, Kadhim et al., 2016, Saha et al., 2013b)
E. coli 25–100 11–12 0.25
V. cholerae 300 µg/disc 10 NA
P. mirabilis 50–75 4–12
S. typhi 50–75 9–10
P. aeruginosa 75 16
K. pneumoniae 50–75 4–13
A. nigar 1–6 63–100%
Rhizopus 1–6 56–100%
A. fumigatus 1–6 58–100%
S. flexneri NA
P. vulgaris
F. oxysporum
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



P. granatum Fruit cover S. aureus 4–100 7–29 0.1–50 >10–60 steroids, triterpenoides, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and carbohydrates, Anthraquinones (Al-Zoreky, 2009, Ali, 2017, Dahham et al., 2010) (Abdollahzadeh et al., 2011, Kesur et al., 2016, Mathabe et al., 2006, Raju et al., 2011) (Abdu et al., 2020, Alemu et al., 2017, Barathikannan et al., 2016, Bereksi et al., 2018, Rajeswari, 2015, Rashid et al., Sajjad et al., 2015, Salmen et al., 2016, Shafiq et al., 2013, Shahbazi, 2017, Ullah et al., 2012)
E. coli 0.03–0.05 13–27 1–12.5 >10–32
S. typhi 14–24 1–13–37 25 >10–32
P. aeruginosa 1–100 8–26 12.5 NA
K. pneumoniae 0.125–1 7-18 2
P. mirabilis 0.03–0.05 12-20 NA
P. vulgaris NA 6 12.5
S. flexneri 16-25 NA
A. nigar 7-23
F. oxysporum 13
V. cholerae
Rhizopus
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



P. nigrum Seeds, fruit E. coli 1–2 4-11-11.8 NA (Sharma et al., 2016) Antibacterial activity for fruit peel Methanol extract of Punica granatumLinn. (Punicaceae) Afzan Mahmad
P. aeruginosa 1–200 10-16
K. pneumoniae 1–2 10-10.9
S. aureus 1–200 4-10.3-16
V. cholerae NA
S. flexneri
P. mirabilis
P. vulgaris
S. typhi
A. nigar
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



P. ovate Fruit, husk E. coli 50–400 7–10 NA saponin, tannin, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids (Motamedi et al., 2010)
P. mirabilis 50–400 0
P. vulgaris 5–50 8.5–12
S. typhi 50–400 0
P. aeruginosa 400 7
K. pneumoniae 400 7
S. aureus 5-400 9-18 20 >200
V. cholerae NA
S. flexneri
A. nigar
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



R. indica Petal extract/ flower S. aureus 200 17–22 4.5 NA Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids (Mishra et al., 2011, Pathak et al., 2019, Rikhi et al., 2015, Safdar and Malik, Sowmya et al., 2017)
E. coli 200 12–15 3.7
P. aeruginosa 200 18–21 4.5
S. typhi 20 6–10 NA
K. pneumoniae NA 22
V. cholerae 10–17
S. flexneri NA
P. mirabilis
P. vulgaris
A. nigar
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



S. aromaticum Buds V. cholerae NA NA 0.025 NA alkaloid, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroid, saponin Anthraquinones, and tannin, phenolic compounds (Abd El Azim et al., 2014, Aneja and Joshi, 2010, Dua et al., 2014, Ghulam and Ahmad, 2014, Mehrotra and Srivastava, 2010, Okmen et al., 2018, Pandey and Singh, 2011, Prajapati et al., 2018, Sharma et al., 2016, Vizhi et al., 2016, Wankhede, 2015)
E. coli 1–500 5–24 3.12–125 12.5–125
S. flexneri 25–500 7–19 6.25–125 50–125
P. vulgaris 250–500 7–11 31.25 62.5
S. typhi 25–500 10–16 3.9–6.25 7.8–25
P. aeruginosa 1–100 10–30 1.95–12.5 50
K. pneumoniae 25–500 7.5–15 6–7.8 15.6–25
S. aureus 1–350 5–28 0.98–3.25 25
A. nigar NA 4-14 NA
F. oxysporum 9
Trichoderma 24
P. mirabilis NA
A. fumigatus
Rhizopus
F. graminearum



T. chebula Rhizome V. cholerae 10 15 0.25 1.5 Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, Alkaloid, Tannin, Steroid, Cardiac glycosides, terpenoids (Bajpai et al., 2010, Baliah and Astalakshmi, 2014, Jayalakshmi et al., 2011, Monisha et al., 2013, Mostafa et al., 2011, Rai and Joshi, 2009, Sharma et al., 2012, Singh et al., 2012, Zearah, 2014)
E. coli 10–500 14–30 50–100 NA
S. aureus 1–500 22–35 3.12–25
P. mirabilis 10 20.6 12.5
P. aeruginosa 125–500 18–30 12.5
F. oxysporum 1.5 23 0.5
S. flexneri 10 12 NA
S. typhi 10 16–25
K. pneumoniae 125–500 17–30
P. vulgaris NA
A. fumigatus
A. nigar
Rhizopus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



T. ammi Seeds E. coli NA 9–20 1–12.5 25 NA (Bashyal and Guha, 2018, Hassan et al., 2016, Sharma et al., 2018, Sharma and Shrivastava, Shokrian et al., 2016)
S. typhi 9–12 1 25
S. aureus 9–20 1 50
P. aeruginosa 0.025 8–21 1 NA
A. nigar NA 15 NA
S. flexneri NA
P. vulgaris
P. mirabilis
V. cholerae
K. pneumoniae
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



W. coagulance Fruit E. coli 15 10–21 NA terpenoids, flavonoids and tannin (Peerzade et al., 2018, Shahid et al., 2013, Sudhanshu et al., 2012)
S. flexneri 50–250 8–13
P. vulgaris 50–250 0–16
S. typhi 1–250 7–16
P. aeruginosa 1–250 13–20
K. pneumoniae 1–250 10–22
S. aureus 1–250 11–19
A. nigar 50–250. 7–11
A. fumigatus 0.025 29
V. cholerae NA
P. mirabilis
Rhizopus
F. oxysporum
Trichoderma
F. graminearum



Z. officinale Rhizome E. coli 0.025–80 2.9–22 3.5 40 alkaloid, phlobotannins, flavanoids, glycosides, saponins, tannin and terpenoids. zingiberene, β- bisabolene , α-farnesne, β-sesquiphellandrene ,α-curcumene and gingerol and shogaol (Agrawal et al., 2018, Azadpour et al., 2016, Bashir et al., 2015, Bhargava et al., 2012, El-Mesallamy et al., 2017, Hasan et al., 2012, Iotsor et al., 2019, Kaushik and Goyal, 2011, Njobdi et al., 2018, Riaz et al., 2015, Sunilson et al., 2009, Ushimaru et al., 2007, Yadufashije et al., 2020, Yassen and Ibrahim, 2016, Yusuf et al., 2018)
S. aureus 0.025–50 3.75–31 0.052–1.75 0.1
P. aeruginosa 0.025–0.1 4–26 0.416–1.75 0.416
P. mirabilis 3.1–50 1.9–12 NA
S. typhi 0.025–0.1 6–21
S. flexneri 20 11
K. pneumoniae 0.025-50 4.93-29
A. nigar 3 11–25
F. oxysporum 3 29
V. cholerae NA
P. vulgaris
Rhizopus
A. fumigatus
Trichoderma
F. graminearum