Table 2.

Anti-inflammatory activity of some pharmacologically active Ziziphus species.

Ziziphus Species	Part used	Model	Extract /Isolated compounds	Observations	Reference
Ziziphus spina-christi	Seed, leaf, root stem	In vitro	Epigallocatechin, gallocatechin, spinosin, 6′'' feruloylspinosin and 6′'' sinapoylspinosin and crude extracts	Z. spina-christi might possess anti-inflammatory activity as assumed by ancient Egyptian prescriptions.	(Kadioglu et al., 2016)
Ziziphus spina-christi	Leaf	In vitro	Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract (ZSCLE)	This effect may be attributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities of ZSCLE.	(Dkhil et al., 2018)
Ziziphus spina-christi	Leaf	In vivo	Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract (ZLE)	Ziziphus spina-christi had anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, antioxidant, and protective effects on S. mansoni induced liver wounds.	(Almeer et al., 2018a)
Ziziphus spina-christi	Fruit/ Seed	In vitro	Ethanolic extract of the leaves	It has significant anti-inflammatory and moderate antipyretic activities.	(Tanira et al., 1988)
Zizyphus spina-christ	Leaves and its major saponin glycoside	In vitro	Butanol extract	Safe alternative to lower blood glucose.	(Abdel-Zaher et al., 2005)
Zizyphus oxyphylla	Stem	In vivo	The crude extract of Zizyphus oxyphylla	The crude extract has shown significant results.	(Ali et al., 2015)
Zizyphus oxyphylla	Stem	In vitro	Crude methanolic extract	Crude extract and fractions showed significant phytotoxicity at higher doses.	(Kaleem et al., 2012)
Ziziphus jujuba	Leaves	In vitro	Ethanolic extract	Leaves extracts possess significant anti-inflammatory activity.	(Kumar et al., 2004)
Ziziphus jujuba	Fruit	In vivo	Ethanolic extract of Z. jujuba	It affected paw volume and thickness.	(Mesaik et al., 2018)
Ziziphus xylopyrus	Leaves	In vitro	Methanolic extract Ziziphus xylopyrus	Wound healing activity against Incision and excision wound.	(Jawaid T et al., 2017)
Ziziphus Xylopyrus	Stem	In vitro	Ethanolic extract	Z. xylopyrus has potential as an allergic anti-asthmatic agent.	(Gupta et al., 2016)
Z. mauritiana.	Bark	In vitro	Chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extracts	The anti-inflammatory potential was shown by chloroform extract only.	(Deshpande et al., 2013)
Z. mauritiana	Fruit	In vivo	Ethanolic extract	Anti-inflammatory results demonstrated.	(Mesaik et al., 2018)
Z. mauritiana	Leaf	In vitro	Methanol extract	71.83% reduction in inflammation at a concentration of 400 mg/kg body weight of rats.	(Abdallah et al., 2016)
Z. mauritiana	Seed and stem bark	In vitro and in vivo	Methanol extract	Anti-inflammatory has shown.	(Akanda and Hasan, 2021)
Zizyphus nummularia	Root bark	In vivo	Crude ethanolic extract	Anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of TNF-α and NO production.	(Ray et al., 2015)
Zizyphus nummularia	Leaves	In vitro	Alcoholic extract	Anti-inflammatory and wound repairing studies rationalize the traditional claim of Z. nummalaria leaves extracts.	(Yusufoglu, 2011)
Zizyphus nummularia	Root	In vivo	Methanolic extract	The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities have shown.	(Rauf et al., 2016)
Zizyphus nummularia	Crushed root, leaves	In vitro	Cyclopeptide alkaloids isolated from the leaves of Z. nummularia	Highly significant anti-nociceptive effects have shown.	(Goyal et al., 2013)
Zizyphus nummularia	Decoction of leaves	In vitro	Cyclopeptide alkaloids isolated from the leaves	Analgesic and anti-inflammatory.	(Goyal et al., 2013)
Ziziphus nummularia	Fruit	In vitro	Methanolic extracts of genotypes were screened for total phenolic compounds	It was concluded that the selected plant could be used as a remedy for oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases.	(Uddin et al., 2020)