Table 1.

Phytochemical constituents of Cannabis sativa with pharmacological activities.

Name of phytochemicals isolated from Cannabis sativa	Source organ or plant part	Bioactivity as reported by the researchers or experimentally analysed	Key points of the experimental approach	References
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, cannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabigerolic acid and cannabichromene	Flower	Psychoactive properties*	Phytochemical screening of marketed medical marihuana samples was carried out.	Mudge et al., 2016
tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabichromene, tetrahydrocannabivarin	Flowers and inflorescence leaves	Psychoactive properties*	Chemical profiling of cannabinoids demonstrated organ- and location-specific regulation of accumulation	Bernstein et al., 2019
Essential oil component rich in terpenes and cannabinoid	Dried flower	Antioxidant properties and anti acetylcholinesterase activities**	GC–FID and GC–MS analyses revealed the chemical composition and indicated a possible synergistic attribution of terpenes and phytocannabinoids	Smeriglio et al., 2020
(±)-6,7-trans-epoxycannabigerolic acid, (±)-6,7-cis-epoxycannabigerolic acid, (±)-6,7-cis-epoxycannabigerol, (±)-6,7-trans-epoxycannabigerol, 5′-methyl-4-pentylbiphenyl-2,2′,6-triol, and 7-methoxycannabispirone, cannabigerolic acid, 5′-methoxycannabigerolic acid, cannabispirone, β-cannabispiranol, dehydrocannabifuran, cannflavin B and cannabigerol	Whole buds of mature female plants	Antimicrobial and antileishmanial activities**	Identification, isolation and characterization of novel Cannabis constituents and their pharmacological activities were determined.	Radwan et al., 2008a
Cannabichromanones A, B, C, D	Whole buds of mature female plants	Analgesic, antidepressant, anticancer, and psychoactive properties*	ORD and CD were used to determine the configuration of cannabichromanone derivatives.	Ahmed et al., 2008a
Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabiorcol, cannabidivarin, cannabicitran, Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabicyclol, cannabidiol, cannabichromene, Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabinol, dihydrocannabinol, cannabielsoin, 6a, 7, 10a‐trihydroxytetrahydro cannabinol, 9, 10‐epoxycannabitriol, 10‐O‐ethylcannabitriol, and 7, 8‐dehydro‐10‐O‐ethylcannabitriol, kaempferol 3‐O‐sophoroside and quercetin 3‐O‐sophoroside	Pollen grains	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities*	High‐field 2D-NMR experiments, application of GC‐FID and GC‐MS analyses revealed the presence of cannabinoids and glycosides	Ross et al., 2005
β-ocimene, α-terpinolene, α- and ß-pinene, ß-myrcene, sesquiterpenes (trans-caryophyllene and α-humulene), tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, cannabidivarin	Inflorescences	Dietary supplement*	HPLC-high-resolution mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS, HS-SPME GC–MS, and GC-FID were performed to illustrate the complete chemical profile.	Pavlovic et al., 2019
Orientin, vitexin, isovitexin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, apigenin	Flowers, seedlings and fruits.	Carcinogens detoxification, enzyme activation**	Inhibited prostaglandin E2 production in rheumatoid synovial cells	Schewe et al., 2002, Moon et al., 2006
Cannflavins A, B, and C	Sprouts, flower bud	Antimicrobial and antileishmanial activity**	Therapeutic potential revealed along with antioxidant efficacy	Radwan et al., 2008a, Radwan et al., 2008b
Cannabis in-B, C, D, G, grossamide	Fruit, root	Chemical protection against pathogenic attack*	Isolation and characterization of polyphenols	Calvi et al., 2018
Cannabispirone, iso-cannabispirone, iso-cannabispiradienone, cannabispirenone-B, β-cannabispiranol, α -cannabispiranol, 5,7-dihydroxyindan-1-spiro-cyclohexane, 7-hydroxy-5-methoxyindan-1-spirociclohexane	Resin, flower heads, stem, and leaves	Antioxidant activities*	Isolation, biosynthesis and bioactivity of stilbenoids	Calvi et al., 2018
Tetrahydrocannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase, cannabinol	Leaves	Psychoactive agent*	The oldest documentation of pharmacological application revealed	Russo et al., 2008
α-zone and β-zone	Leaves	Psychoactive properties*	The OPLC method was applied to separate neutral and acidic cannabinoids	Oroszlán et al., 1987
Cannabidiolic acid, cannabidiol, cannabidiol monomethyl ether, cannabidiol-C4, cannabidivarinic acid, cannabidivarin, cannabidiorcol	Leaves/plant	Psychotropic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities*	The therapeutic potential and occurrence of different cannabinoids were discussed.	Asati et al., 2017
(E)‐caryophyllene, cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, kaempferol, and apigenin	Leaves, male and female inflorescences	CB2 agonists with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties*	GC/MS, NMR, and LC‐DAD‐MS techniques revealed essential oil composition	Nagy et al., 2019
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol (resorcinol and 2-p-mentha-1,8-dien-4-yl-5-pentyl)	Leaves, stems, and seeds	Antimicrobial activities (detected by agar well diffusion method against four pathogenic bacteria strains) **	Mineral analysis, GC–MS, and antimicrobial assay were conducted to determine the bioactivity of cannabinoids.	Isahq et al., 2015
Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabivarin, Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol, sterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, p-sitosterol), amino acid (L-proline)	Young stem	Psychotomimetic activity*	Phytochemical screening was performed via GLC-MS.	Mole and Turner, 1974
rac-6′,7′-dihydro,6′,7′-dihydroxycannabigerol	Aerial parts	Antibacterial activity**	Polar cannabinoid isolated and characterized by spectrometric analysis	Appendino et al., 2008
Denbinobin	Whole plant	Antiproliferative activity**	Causes mitochondrial dysfunction, protein kinase B (Akt) and NF-kB pathway inactivation, Bcl-2- associated death promoter and caspase 3 activation and releases apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in human lung adenocarcinoma, Jurkat and other human leukemia cell lines	Kuo et al., 2008, Sánchez-Duffhues et al., 2009
Tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, cannabichromene, cannabigerol, α- pinene, 1,8-cineole, pulegone, d- limonene, β – caryophyllene, apigenin, β- sitosterol, quercetin	Plant	Antidepressant, sedative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant analgesic activities*	Dopamine antagonists and their role against Cannabis dependency were noted.	Oladimeji and Valan, 2020
Cannabidiol	Plant	Anticancer activity**	The antiproliferative activity of cannabidiol on different cervical cancer cell lines was tested	Lukhele and Motadi, 2016
β-fenchyl Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolate, epi-bornyl Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolate, α-terpenyl Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolate, 4-terpenyl Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolate, α-cadinyl Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolate, γ-eudesmyl Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolate, γ-eudesmyl cannabigerolate, 4-terpenyl cannabinolate, bornyl Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolate (9), α-fenchyl Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolate, α-cadinyl cannabigerolate, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A, cannabinolic acid A, and cannabigerolic acid	Plant	Moderate antimicrobial activity**	Extensive spectroscopic analyses revealed their structural identity	Ahmed et al., 2008b
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid	Plant (water extracts)	Psychoactive herbal remedies*	Diffusion-edited 1H NMR (1D DOSY) and 1H NMR provided semiquantitative data on phyto-cannabinoids	Politi et al., 2008
Caffeoyltyramine, cannabisin A, B, C, ω-6 linoleic acid	Seed, sprouts	Cellular antioxidant activity, anti-mutagenic**	Spectrophotometric analysis of phytochemicals and antioxidant assays revealed its potency as a functional food	Frassinetti et al., 2018
Cannabisin I (1), together with seven known lignanamides, cannabisins A, B, C, F, M, 3,3′-demethylgrossamide, grossamide, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine and N-trans-caffeoyloctopamine	Hempseed cakes	Arginase inhibitory property and antioxidant capacity**	NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data determined the structure of lignanamides and phenylpropanoid amides	Bourjot et al., 2017
Linoleic, α-linolenic and oleic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, phytol, cycloartenol, γ-tocopherol	Seed oil	Antioxidant activity*	A qualitative and quantitative characterization of the unsaponifiable fraction was performed.	Paz et al., 2014
Hemp protein isolate (HPI) containing edestin (hexameric legumin)	Seed	Nutraceutical value**	Emulsifying activity index, emulsion stability index, water holding capacity, and fat adsorption capacity indicate the role of HPI as a functional food	Tang et al., 2006
Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol and other neutral cannabinoids	Seed	Psychoactive properties and other pharmacological activities*	Simple, reproducible, and accurate, the HPTLC method was standardized for the quantification of Δ9‐THC	Fischedick et al., 2009
Linolenic acid, oleic acid, sitosterol, campesterol, phytol, cycloartenol and tocopherol	Seed	Nutraceutical value**	Phytochemical characterization of the unsaponifiable fraction determined via analytical studies	Paz et al., 2014
3,3′-demethyl-grossamide, cannabisin-M 111, cannabisin- N, (2,3-trans)-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)- N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-7-{(E)-3-[(4-hydroxyphenethyl) amino]-3-oxoprop-1-enyl}-2,3-dihydrobenzo [b] [1,4] dioxine-2-carboxamide, cannabisin-O, and 3,3′-demethyl-heliotropamide	Seed	Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities**	Phytochemical characterization and pharmacological studies revealed the presence of phenolic amides and lignanamides.	Yan et al., 2015
Quercetin, gallic acid, p Coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, and kaempferol	Seed	Antioxidant and chemopreventive activities*	High-throughput phytochemical characterization of noncannabinoid compounds via HPLC screening	Ahmad et al., 2018
Phenylpropionamides	Seed	Ameliorated LPS stimulated memory dysfunction and neuroinflammation in mice**	Reversal of hippocampal neuronal damage supports the nutraceutical potential and the neuroprotective perspective of hemp seed.	Zhou et al., 2018a
Cannabisin A, B, F, G, M, 3,3′-demethyl-grossamide,N-trans-coumaroyloctopamine, N-trans-coumaroyltyramine, N-trans-feryroyltyramine, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, (S)-N-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methoxyethyl)cinnamamide,4-[(E)-p-coumaroylamino]butan-1-ol, trans-ferulic acid-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, adenosine, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 4-hydroxy-3-acid	Seed	Anti-neuroinflammatory activity**	Many of these compounds inhibited TNF-α release from LPS-induced BV2 microglia cells, which is an important therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases.	Zhou et al., 2018b
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein (ß-conglycinin and vicilin)	Seed	Health-promoting property*	Cannabinoid profiling performed using an untargeted metabolomics approach	Pavlovic et al., 2019
Fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, γ-linolenic and α-linolenic acid), tocopherols, carotenoids (lutein, β-carotene, zeaxanthin), protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid, trans-caffeoyltyramine, cannabisin A	Seed	Antioxidant activity (detected by ABTS and FRAP assays) **	The nutritional value, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant properties of seven hemp cultivars were detected.	Irakli et al., 2019
Monoterpene (limonene, β-myrcene, and α-pinene), sesquiterpene (caryophyllene and humulene)	Seed	Various pharmacological activities*	The terpene metabolomics study (based on GC–MS) helped in phytochemical screening	Mudge et al., 2019
Hemp protein hydrolysates (HPH20A and HPH60A + 15AF)	Seed	Anti-neuroinflammatory activities**	Down-regulated transcriptional levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells; up-regulated expression of the IL-10 cytokine gene	Rodriguez-Martin et al., 2019
(−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabiphorol (Δ9-THCP)	Seed	In vivo cannabimimetic activity**	As a potent CB1 agonist, it induced catalepsy, analgesia, and hypomotility; decreased rectal temperature	Citti et al., 2019
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (A) and its neutral derivative trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-C5, Cis and trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-C7 isomers	Seed	Psychoactive properties*	A phytochemical investigation by mass spectrometry revealed the presence of homologues of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives	Basas-Jaumandreu and De Las Heras, 2020
Cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid	Cannabis medicinal extracts (oil and alcohol-based CMEs)	Psychoactive properties*	LC–MS/MS using an untargeted metabolomics approach revealed the effect of decarboxylated cannabinoids on pharmacological activity	Citti et al., 2018

*Activities are reported based on previous research

**Activities are experimentally determined by the corresponding researchers