Fig. 1. Phylogenetic summary of the flowering plants and placement of Chloranthaceae.

a Chloranthus spicatus in Guilin Botanical Garden, China, and b at the inflorescence stage (Photo credit: Qiang Zhang). c. A summary of phylogenetic placement of Chloranthaceae based on 2,329 low-copy nuclear (LCN) genes. In all, 61% of the gene trees placed Chloranthales as the sister lineage to magnoliids (bootstrap >70%). d Simplified backbone of the phylogenetic tree constructed in IQTREE using the 218 species data set, displaying the topology, polyploidy, and divergence times at the ordinal level. Whole-genome duplication/triplication events are positioned based on a previous report³³. Source data underlying Fig. 1d are provided as a Source Data file.