Figure 9.

Establishment of excitotoxic condition in dopaminergic cell–like LUHMES cell model.A–C, LUHMES cells were exposed to glutamate in a concentration- (A) and time-dependent (B) manner to determine excitotoxic neuronal injury by resazurin assay for cell viability and annexin V assay (C) for apoptosis as described in the Experimental procedures section. D–F, neuronal cells exposed to glutamate (250 μM, 12 h) were assessed for Ca²⁺ influx (D), mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) (E), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (F) (×20 magnification with fluorescent microscope, the scale represents 50 μm). ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; ^#p < 0.05; ^##p < 0.01; ^####p < 0.0001, compared with the controls (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test; n = 6). Data are expressed as mean ± SD. The data shown are representative of three independent experiments. LUHMES, Lund human mesencephalic.