Table 6.
Share of food expenditure on ultra-processed goods of households with at least one overweight or obese child
| Share of total food expenditure | Not obese | Obese | t-test | Not overweight | Overweighta | t-test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A: All households with children under 5 years old | ||||||
| All ultra-processed food | 7.0% | 8.2% | 6.9% | 8.0% | * | |
| Sugar-sweetened food | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.6% | ||
| Sugar-sweetened beverage | 2.5% | 3.4% | ** | 2.4% | 3.3% | *** |
| High saturated fat food | 3.0% | 3.1% | 3.0% | 2.9% | ||
| Other ultra-processed food | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.2% | ||
| Processed food | 5.4% | 6.6% | ** | 5.3% | 6.1% | * |
| Processed culinary ingredients | 4.6% | 7.5% | *** | 4.5% | 6.2% | *** |
| Minimally or unprocessed | 83.1% | 77.8% | *** | 83.3% | 79.7% | *** |
| Sample size | 1601 | 121 | 1459 | 263 | ||
| Panel B: Non-poor (top 60% expenditure distribution) | ||||||
| All ultra-processed food | 8.2% | 8.9% | 7.9% | 9.7% | * | |
| Sugar-sweetened food | 0.6% | 1.2% | *** | 0.6% | 0.9% | ** |
| Sugar-sweetened beverage | 3.1% | 3.5% | 2.9% | 4.3% | *** | |
| High saturated fat food | 3.6% | 3.2% | 3.5% | 3.5% | ||
| Other ultra-processed food | 0.9% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.9% | ||
| Processed food | 5.6% | 5.5% | 5.5% | 6.0% | ||
| Processed culinary ingredients | 4.4% | 5.0% | 4.4% | 5.0% | ||
| Minimally or unprocessed | 81.9% | 80.6% | 82.2% | 79.3% | ** | |
| Sample size | 851 | 67 | 785 | 133 | ||
| Panel C: Poor (bottom 40% expenditure distribution) | ||||||
| All ultra-processed food | 5.7% | 7.6% | * | 5.7% | 6.5% | |
| Sugar-sweetened food | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3% | ||
| Sugar-sweetened beverage | 1.8% | 3.2% | *** | 1.8% | 2.5% | * |
| High saturated fat food | 2.4% | 3.0% | 2.4% | 2.4% | ||
| Other ultra-processed food | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 1.4% | ||
| Processed food | 5.2% | 7.5% | *** | 5.2% | 6.2% | |
| Processed culinary ingredients | 4.8% | 9.5% | *** | 4.7% | 7.2% | *** |
| Minimally or unprocessed | 84.4% | 75.3% | *** | 84.5% | 80.0% | *** |
| Sample size | 750 | 54 | 674 | 130 | ||
Source: Authors’ calculations using HIES 2009/10
Note: 81 (2.7%) children observations from 79 households were dropped because their height or weight were 3 standard deviation below or above the median value of the same age group, an additional 216 (7.4%) children observations from 194 households were dropped because of biologically implausible weight-for-height z-scores (i.e. z > 5 or z < −5). aOverweight includes obese