Fig. 1.

Effects of TMAO and TMA on the integrity of hCMEC/D3 cell monolayers. A Assessment of paracellular permeability of hCMEC/D3 monolayers to a 70-kDa FITC-dextran tracer following treatment for 24 h with varying doses of TMA (0.4–40 μM) or TMAO (4–4000 μM). Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m., n = 4 independent experiments. B Assessment of TEER of hCMEC/D3 monolayers to a 70-kDa FITC-dextran tracer following treatment for 24 h with varying doses of TMA (0.4–40 μM) or TMAO (4–4000 μM). Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m., n = 4 independent experiments. C Adhesion of U937 monocytic cells to TNFα-stimulated hCMEC/D3 monolayers (10 ng/ml, 16 h) that had been treated or not for 24 h with 0.4 μM TMA or 40 μM TMAO. Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m., n = 3 independent experiments