Table 4. Average energy and nutrient intake in observed and optimized diets according to nutritional constraints (modelsa) and year of the surveyb.
| 2008–2009 | 2017–2018 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Observedc | Model 1 | Model 2 | Observedc | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Energy (Kcal) | 1,696.7 (13.4) | 1,696.8 | 1,696.8 | 1,699.9 (10.5) | 1,699.9 | 1,699.9 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 2,32.5 (1.65) | 252.5 | 253.6 | 230.1 (2.0) | 251.3 | 244.2 |
| Protein (g) | 77.5 (0.8) | 69.8 | 73.2 | 78.5 (0.6) | 71.2 | 79.4 |
| Fats (g) | 56.3 (0.7) | 52.0 | 50.8 | 56.8 (0.6) | 51.8 | 51.8 |
| Monounsaturated fat (g) | 17.2 (0.2) | 15.5 | 15.3 | 18.4 (0.3) | 17.2 | 15.8 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 13.4 (0.2) | 12.5 | 12.8 | 14.2 (0.2) | 13.0 | 13.1 |
| Saturated fat (g) | 19.3 (0.3) | 17.9 | 16.8 | 17.8 (0.2) | 15.5 | 16.3 |
| Trans fat (g) | 1.43 (0.03) | 1.37 | 1.09 | 1.33 (0.02) | 1.2 | 1.07 |
| Fibers (g) | 25.1 (0.4) | 29.1 | 32.5 | 22.7 (0.3) | 26.9 | 29.5 |
| Calcium (mg) | 445.1 (12.7) | 401.9 | 508.5 | 394.1 (12.6) | 353.4 | 500.8 |
| Copper (mg) | 1.45 (0.03) | 1.55 | 1.70 | 1.29 (0.02) | 1.40 | 1.54 |
| Iron (mg) | 11.3 (0.1) | 11.3 | 11.1 | 10.8 (0.1) | 10.8 | 11.0 |
| Phosphorus, mg | 1,001.5 (11.1) | 920.8 | 1.011.8 | 972.6 (6.8) | 895.4 | 1035 |
| Magnesium, mg | 258.7 (3.4) | 272.5 | 300.2 | 239.7 (2.0) | 254.6 | 282.2 |
| Potassium, mg | 2,118.3 (28.8) | 2,296.7 | 2,761.3 | 2,011.0 (19.2) | 2,196.6 | 2,616.9 |
| Sodium (mg) | 2,505.6 (29.1) | 2,382 | 2,238.4 | 2,376.6 (21.2) | 2,264.9 | 2,260.5 |
| Zinc (mg) | 10.8 (0.1) | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.8 (0.1) | 10.2 | 10.7 |
| Niacin (mg) | 13.8 (0.3) | 12.3 | 12.8 | 15.1 (0.2) | 13.4 | 15.1 |
| Folate (mcg) d | 446.5 (6.7) | 477.7 | 491.5 | 407.4 (5.3) | 439.3 | 464.2 |
| Vitamin A (EAR) e | 518.8 (26.4) | 603.1 | 732.2 | 429.8 (17.7) | 475.3 | 639.5 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 0.89 (0.01) | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.93 (0.01) | 0.91 | 0.96 |
| Vitamin B12 (mg) | 5.3 (0.18) | 4.42 | 4.64 | 4.16 (0.12) | 3.42 | 4.02 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.08 (0.02) | 1.03 | 1.06 | 0.93 (0.01) | 0.89 | 0.96 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.66 (0.01) | 0.7 | 0.65 | 0.62 (0.01) | 0.66 | 0.65 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 124.9 (3.7) | 243.4 | 339.5 | 117.4 (3.5) | 233.3 | 270.3 |
| Vitamin D | 2.66 (0.07) | 2.31 | 2.77 | 2.11 (0.04) | 1.8 | 2.33 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 5.78 (0.07) | 6.34 | 7.09 | 6.11 (0.08) | 6.76 | 6.81 |
a Model 1: adequacy of fruits and vegetables. Model 2: adequacy of fruits and vegetables, macronutrients and fats, calcium, sodium and potassium. Amount of ultra-processed foods less than or equal to the amount observed for both models.
b n = 108 strata for both periods.
c Average (standard error).
d In dietary folate equivalents (DFE).
e In retinol activity equivalents.