Table 3.

Rate and Odds of Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation, by Sociodemographic Risk Factor

Raw Rate (%)	Raw Rate of LVAD Implantation	Risk-Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)*	Fully Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) †
Gender
Male	0.60%	Reference	Reference
Female	0.21%	0.41 (0.38, 0.44)	0.45 (0.41, 0.49)
Race
Caucasian	0.39%	Reference	Reference
African American	0.37%	0.68 (0.53, 0.86)	0.83 (0.74, 0.92)
Hispanic	0.29%	0.59 (0.44, 0.81)	0.74 (0.64, 0.87)
Other/Unknown	0.95%	1.57 (0.95, 2.60)	0.76 (0.68, 0.86)
Insurance Status
Private Insurance	1.18%	Reference	Reference
Medicare	0.29%	0.64 (0.57, 0.72)	0.79 (0.72, 0.86)
Medicaid	0.47%	0.37 (0.31, 0.45)	0.52 (0.46, 0.58)
Uninsured	0.09%	0.07 (0.04, 0.12)	0.17 (0.11, 0.25)
ZIP Code Median Income
Top Three Quartiles	0.49%	Reference	Reference
Lowest Quartile	0.30%	0.62 (0.50, 0.77)	0.71 (0.65, 0.77)
Median Odds Ratio (MOR)	N/A	N/A	4.16

^*Model adjusts for age and Elixhauser comorbidities

^†Model adjusts for age, Elixhauser comorbidities, all listed sociodemographic risk factors, and a hospital random effect. Therefore, these odds ratios represent the within-hospital effect of the factor in question and limit the sample to only those 86 hospitals that performed LVADs.