Table 5:
Prevalence of Echocardiographic Abnormalities in Total Study Sample
| Total (n=155) | Male (n=52) | Female (n=103) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic Function | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | p-value |
| EF, mean in % (±SD) | 58.3 (±8.6) | 57.6 (±8.4) | 58.7 (±8.6) | 1 |
| EF <40% | 5 (3.3) [1.1–7.4] | 1 (1.9) [0.1–10.3] | 4 (3.9) [1.1–9.7] | 0.48* |
| EF 41–49% | 11 (7.1) [3.6–12.3] | 6 (11.5) [4.4–23.4] | 5 (4.9) [1.6–11.0] | |
| EF ≥50% | 138 (89.6) [83.8–94.0] | 45 (29.2) [17.1–43.1] | 93 (60.4) [50.1–69.7] | |
| Diastolic Function | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | p-value |
| Normal Diastolic Function | 2 (1.3) [0.2–4.6] | 1 (1.9) [0.1–10.3] | 1 (1.0) [0.03–5.3] | 0.87** |
| Mild Diastolic Dysfunction | 65 (41.9) [34.1–50.1] | 21 (40.4) [27.0–54.9] | 44 (42.7) [33.0–52.9] | |
| Moderate Diastolic Dysfunction | 48 (31.0) [23.8–38.9] | 11 (21.2) [11.1–34.7] | 37 (35.9) [26.7–46.0] | |
| Severe Diastolic Dysfunction | 40 (25.8) [19.1–33.4] | 19 (36.5) [23.6–51.0] | 21 (20.4) [13.1–29.5] | |
| Left Ventricular Indices in Diastole | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | p-value |
| Concentric Hypertrophy | 49 (31.6) [24.4–40.0] | 7 (13.5) [5.6–25.8] | 42 (40.8) [31.2–51.0] | 0.0001 |
| Eccentric Hypertrophy | 23 (14.8) [9.6–21.4] | 5 (9.6) [3.2–21.0] | 18 (17.5) [10.7–26.2] | 0.19 |
| RWT, mean (±SD) | 0.49 (±0.10) | 0.46 (±0.10) | 0.50 (±0.10) | 0.098 |
| Normal RWT | 55 (35.5) [28.0–43.6] | 24 (46.2) [32.2–60.5] | 31 (30.1) [21.5–39.9] | 0.048 |
| High RWT | 100 (64.5) [56.4–72.0] | 28 (18.1) [8.2–30.3] | 72 (69.9) [60.1–78.6] | |
| IVSd, mean in mm (±SD) | 10.97 (±2.2) | 10.50(±2.2) | 11.20 (±2.1) | 0.055 |
| Normal IVSd | 49 (31.6) [24.4–40.0] | 26 (50.0) [35.8–64.2] | 23 (22.3) [35.8–64.2] | 0.0005 |
| High IVSd | 106 (68.4) [60.4–75.6] | 26 (50.0) [35.8–64.2] | 80 (77.7) [68.4–85.3] | |
| PWd, mean in mm (±SD) | 10.4 (±1.8) | 10.2 (±2.0) | 10.5 (±10.2) | 0.26 |
| Normal PWd | 63 (40.7) [32.8–48.8] | 32 (61.5) [47.0–74.7] | 31 (30.1) [21.5–39.9] | 0.0002 |
| High PWd | 92 (59.4) [51.2–67.2] | 20 (38.5) [25.3–53.0] | 72 (69.9) [25.3–53.0] | |
| LVM, mean in g (±SD) | 163.9 (±42.0) | 165.2 (±46.5) | 163.2 (±39.8) | 0.78 |
| Normal LVM | 83 (53.6) [45.4–61.6] | 40 (76.9) [63.2–87.5] | 43 (41.8) [32.1–51.9] | <0.0001 |
| High LVM | 72 (46.5) [38.4–54.6] | 12 (23.1) [12.5–36.8] | 60 (58.4) [48.1–67.9] | |
| LVMi, mean in g/m2 (±SD) | 90.9 (±21.1) | 93.3 (±23.2) | 89.6 (±19.9) | 0.31 |
| Normal LVMi | 84 (54.2) [46.0–62.2] | 33 (63.5) [49.0–76.4] | 51 (49.5) [40.0–59.5] | 0.10 |
| High LVMi | 71 (45.8) [37.8–54.0] | 19 (36.5) [23.6–51.0] | 52 (50.5) [40.5–60.5] | |
| Right Ventricle Parameters | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | p-value |
| PASP, mean in mm Hg (±SD) | 22.8 (±6.6) | 22.3 (±7.2) | 23.0 (±6.4) | 0.65 |
| Normal PASP | 151 (97.4) [93.5–99.3] | 50 (96.2) [86.8–99.5] | 101 (98.1) [93.2–99.8] | 0.60 |
| High PASP | 4 (2.6) [0.07–6.5] | 2 (3.9) [0.05–13.2] | 2 (1.9) [0.2–6.8] | |
| Valvular Pathologies | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | p-value |
| AR (moderate, severe) | 3 (1.9) [0.04–5.6] | 1 (1.9) [0.05–10.3] | 2 (1.9) [0.2–6.8] | 1 |
| No AR (including trace and mild) | 152 (98.1) [94.4–99.6] | 51 (98.1) [89.7– 99.9] | 101 (98.1) [93.2–99.8] | |
| MR (moderate, severe) | 3 (1.9) [0.4–5.6] | 0 (0) [0–0] | 3 (2.9) [0.6–8.3] | 0.55 |
| No MR (including trace and mild) | 152 (98.1) [94.4–99.6] | 52 (100) [98.7–100] | 100 (97.1) 91.7–99.4] | |
| MS (trace, mild, moderate, severe) | 10 (6.5) [3.1–11.5] | 5 (9.6) [3.2– 21.0] | 5 (4.9) [1.6–11.0] | 0.30 |
| No MS | 145 (93.6) [88.5–96.9] | 47 (90.4) [79.0–96.8] | 98 (95.2) [89.0–98.4] | |
| TR (moderate, severe) | 5 (3.2) [1.1–7.4] | 0 (0) [0–0] | 5 (4.9) [1.6–11.0] | 0.17 |
| No TR (including trace and mild) | 150 (96.8) [92.6–98.9] | 52 (100) [98.9–100] | 98 (95.2) [89.0–98.4] | |
| PR (moderate, severe) | 1 (0.7) [0.02–3.5] | 0 (0) [0–0] | 1 (1.0) [0.03– 5.3] | 1 |
| No PR (including trace and mild) | 154 (99.4) [96.5–99.9] | 52 (33.6) [20.3–47.1] | 102 (99.0) [94.7–99.9] |
EF, ejection fraction; TTE, transthoracic echocardiogram; RWT, relative wall thickness; IVSd, interventricular septum diameter; PWd, posterior wall diameter; LVM/LVMi, left ventricular mass/index; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RV, right ventricle; AR, aortic regurgitation; MR, mitral regurgitation; MS, mitral stenosis; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; PR, pulmonary regurgitation.
*
This Chi-square test compared EF<40% and EF 41–49% (as a composite variable) versus EF ≥50%.
**
This Chi-square test compared normal diastolic function and mild diastolic dysfunction (as a composite variable) versus moderate and severe diastolic dysfunction (as a composite variable).