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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021 Oct 28;41(12):3015–3024. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.121.316477

Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

Total
n=278		 NC
n=159		 MCI
n=119		 p-value
Baseline Characteristics
 Age, y 73±7 72±7 73±7 0.39
 Sex, % male 58 58 58 0.93
 Race, % non-Hispanic white 87 87 87 0.95
 Education, y 16±3 16±3 15±3 <0.001*
 APOE-ε4, % carrier 35 29 43 0.02*
 Framingham Stroke Risk Profile, total† 12.3±4.3 11.9±4.3 12.8±4.2 0.06
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg 142±18 140±17 144±18 0.02*
 Antihypertensive medication usage, % 53 53 52 0.90
 Diabetes, % 18 16 20 0.41
 Cigarette smoking, % current 2 1 3 0.23
 Prevalent CVD, % 5 6 3 0.37
 Atrial fibrillation, % 6 6 7 0.71
 Left ventricular hypertrophy, % 4 3 6 0.27
 Intracranial volume, cm3 1507±154 1503±154 1512±155 0.78
 Pulse wave velocity, m/s 8.2±3.1 8.1±3.0 8.3±3.3 0.93
Gray Matter Neuroimaging Markers, mm 3 /year
 Total gray matter annual change −5101±8621 −4741±8590 −5620±8684 0.29
 Frontal gray matter annual change −2159±4261 −2143±4424 −2181±4036 >0.99
 Temporal gray matter annual change −691±1494 −458±1376 −1027±1596 0.005*
 Parietal gray matter annual change −1336±2097 −1319±2140 −1362±2044 0.42
 Occipital gray matter annual change −447±1054 −455±956 −435±1186 0.79
 Hippocampal annual change −77±96 −62±76 −98±116 0.01*
 Inferior lateral ventricle annual change 157±204 100±108 239±272 <0.001*
WMH Neuroimaging Markers, mm 3 /year
 Total WMH annual change 1954±2953 1365±1806 2793±3923 0.001*
 Frontal WMH annual change 1110±1525 825±986 1516±2000 0.009*
 Temporal WMH annual change 103±347 66±310 154±390 0.002*
 Parietal WMH annual change 541±864 381±563 769±1131 0.02*
 Occipital WMH annual change 201±663 93±395 354±900 0.01*

Note. APOE-ε4 indicates apolipoprotein E ε4 allele; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; NC, normal cognition.

*

Meets the a priori significance threshold of 0.05

†

A modified Framingham Stroke Risk Profile Score was included in statistical models, which excluded points assigned to age (total=6.5±3.1, NC=6.2±3.0, MCI=6.8±3.2). Annual change values represent the average change in tissue volume per year for each region of interest.