Table 1. Differential diagnoses in patients with renal masses based on clinico-radiological characteristics*.

*[1-13]

+: frequent in the disease; -: not frequent in disease; ±: may or may not be present in the disease

Symptoms	Differential diagnoses
	Renal TB	Urothelial carcinoma	Renal cancer	Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis	Malakoplakia
Fever	±	±	±	+	+
Hematuria	+	+	+	+	+
Leukocytosis	-	-	-	+	±
Weight loss	±	±	+	+	-
Anemia	-	±	+	±	-
Pain	±	+	+	+	+
Macroscopic appearance	Yellowish-white lesions	Urinary tract infiltrating mass	Depending on the type of cancer	Yellowish-necrotic	Yellowish infiltrate
Imaging	Parenchymatous scars and calcifications	Solid mass in the urinary tract	Solid renal mass	A heterogenous unilateral mass associated with renal calculus	Cystic or solid mass, usually unilateral
Invasion into neighboring structures	+	+	±	±	±