Table 3.

Frame descriptions

FRAME	DESCRIPTION
Uncertainty	Master frame across the sample. From uncertainty about the virus to uncertainty about the appropriateness of the pandemic response.
Evidence	Demands for the pandemic response to be evidence-based, despite acknowledging the uncertainty that surrounds a novel threat.
Transparency and leadership	Policy decisions and evolving public health response to the pandemic became politicized and interpreted as successes and failures in leadership and transparency.
Duelling experts	Conflicting expert opinions to highlight uncertainty or use of expert opinions to criticize public health decisions perceived as not being evidence-based.
Mixed messages	Frustration expressed over evolving and constantly changing guidelines, leading to criticism for confusing public health communication.