Table 1.

Various Incidence of Subacute Thyroiditis in Post-COVID-19 Patients

Case. No	Age	Sex	Symptoms	Previous History of Thyroid Disease	Thyroid Function Tests, Inflammatory Markers and Blood Profile #											Diagnosis After the Onset of COVID-19	Treatment	Reference
					TSH	FT4	FT3	Anti-TSH-R Ab.	Tg	Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase and Anti-Thyroglobulin Abs.	WBC per L	ESR	C-Reactive Protein	Hb	Fever
1.	18	F	Fever Fatigue Palpitation Anterior neck pain radiating to the jaw Isolated hyperthyrotropinemia	No	<0.04 mIU/mL	27.2 pmol/L	8.7 pmol/L	<1.5 IU/mL	5.6 µg/L	<10 IU/mL and 120.2 IU/mL	11200	90 mm/h	6.9 mg/L	N.A.	99.5 ºF	3 days after	Prednisolone 25 mg/d for 5 weeks	Brancatella et al. 2020a.89
2.	69	F	Fever Palpitations Insomnia Agitation	Yes, non-toxic nodular goiter, euthyroidism	0.08 mU/L	24.6 pg/mL	5.5 pg/mL	Not detected	N.A.	Not detected	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	4 days after	Prednisolone 40 mg/day i.v. for 3 days and 25 /day for 4 weeks+	Ippolito et al, 2020.86
3.	41	F	Fever Neck pain Erythematous pharyngitis Painful palpation of left temporomandibular joint and neck	No	<0.008 mIU/mL	25.7 pmol/L	7.7 pmol/L	Not Detected	N.A.	Not detected	15,600	134 mm/h	101 mg/L	12g/dL	101.3 ºF and 101.12 ºF	With COVID-19	Hydroxychloroquine tablet 200 mg bid for 5 days. Prednisolone 16 mg once/day for 4 weeks	Asfuroglu Kalkan et al. 2020.90
4.	38	F	Fever Neck pain radiated to jaw Asthenia Anorexia Palpitation	No	0.1 mIU/mL	29.3 nmol/L	8.0 pmol/L	30 IU/mL	75.3 ug/L	< 10 IU/mL and < 1.5 IU/mL	N.A.	74 mm/h	11.2 mg/L	N.A.	101.3 ºF	16 days after	Prednisolone 25 mg/d for 4 weeks+	Brancatella et al. 2020b.91
5.	29	F	Fever Neck pain Palpitations Asthenia Sweating	No	<0.01 mIU/mL	31.8 nmol/L	8.9 pmol/L	38 IU/mL	80 ug/L	< 10 IU/mL and < 1.5 IU/mL	N.A.	110 mm/h	7.9 mg/L	N.A.	98.96 ºF	30 days after	Prednisone 25 mg/d and propranolol (40 mg/d)	Brancatella et al. 2020b.91
6.	29	F	Neck pain Palpitations Sweating	No	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	100.4 ºF	36 days after	A low dose of levothyroxine	Brancatella et al. 2020b.91
7.	46	F	Fever Neck pain Palpitations Asthenia Insomnia Anxiety Weight loss	No	0.01 mIU/mL	27.8 nmol/L	6.9 pmol/L	<1.5 IU/mL	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	8 mg/L	N.A.	98.96 ºF	20 days after	Prednisone 25 mg/d for 4 weeks+	Brancatella et al. 2020b.91
8.	43	F	Fever Pain and tenderness in anterior cervical regions Fatigue Tremors Anxiety Palpitations	No	0.006 mU/L	2.69 ng/dL	7.03 pg/mL	Not detected	188 pg/mL	Not detected	6.6 x 109/L	60 mm/h	8.8 mg/L	N.A.	99.5 ºF	45 days after	Prednisolone 25 mg/d for 4 weeks	Ruggeri et al, 2020.92
9.	34	M	Fever Anterior neck pain Tachycardia	No	<0.01 mU/L	41.8 pmol/L	13.4 pmol/L	<1.10 (negative)	N.A.	Not detected	11,560	N.A.	122 mg/L	13.7 g/dL	99.86 ºF	8 days after	Prednisolone 20 mg/day atenolol 25 mg	Mattar et al. 2020.93
10.	40	M	Fever Painful neck palpation High fever	No	<0.005 mIU/mL	3.61 ng/dL	4.24 pg/mL	Not detected	N.A.	Not detected	11,060	80 mm/h	7.69 mg/dL	12.5 g/dL	100.94 ºF	20 days after	Prednisolone 32 mg/d for 4 weeks+	Guven, 2020.94
11.	37	F	Severe neck pain Fatigue		Undetectable	1.6 ng/dL	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	Not detected	Normal	72 mm/hr	66 mg/L	10.4 g/dL	N.A.	30 days after	N.A.	Campos-Barrera et al. 2020.95
12.	47	F	Anterior neck pain Swelling Palpation	No	0.05µIU/mL	1.68 pg/mL	N.A.	Not detected	N.A.	Not detected	Normal	N.A.	5.09 mg/dL	N.A.	No fever	With COVID-19	Ceftriaxone and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19. Mefenamic acid and later switched to celecoxib.	San Juan et al. 2020.96
13	28	F	Neck pain radiated to the jaw Palpitations Sore throat Severe asthenia	No	< 0.001 mU/L	67.5 pmol/L	N.A.	Not detected	N.A.	Not detected	11.2 × 109/L	116 mm/hr	173 mg/L	N.A.	101.3 °F	25 days after	500 mg of aspirin and 40 mg of propranolol, both every 6 h. Recovered in 2 weeks.	Ruano et al. 2020.97
14	37	M	Anterior neck pain Fatigue Chills Palpitation Heat intolerance Anorexia Weight loss.	No	0.001 mU/L	2.3 ng/dL	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	1 IU/L	6.7 x 109/L	31 mm/hr	14 mg/L	13.8	No fever but chills	30 days after	Aspirin and propranolol for 1 week.	Chong et al. 2020.98
15	58	M	Fever Neck pain Tachycardia Excessive sweating Tremor	No	<0.005	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	8.85×109 /L	110 mm/hr	16.6 mg/L	126 g/L	101.3°F	With COVID-19	Analgesics, favipiravir, azithromycin, zinc tablets and vitamin C. Prednisolone 30 mg/day for 1 month+ propranolol 40 mg/day.	Chakraborty et al. 2020.99
16	29	F	Fever Tachycardia Weight loss Neck pain Shortness of breath	No	0.01 mU/L	4.4 ng/L	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	Not detected	Normal	84 mm/hr	44 mg/L	N.A.	101°F	49 days after	Prednisone (20 mg) and atenolol (25 mg) daily for 3 days. Increased prednisone (40 mg) daily for 6 weeks+. Atenolol (50 mg) daily for 6 weeks and discontinued	Mehmood et al. 2020.100
17	41	F	Weight loss Fatigue Alopecia Heat intolerance Irritability Headaches Bilateral hand tremor Palpitations Anterior neck pain	No	< 0.01 mIU/L	60.63 pmol/L	3.39 nmol/L	< 1.10 IU/L	N.A.	> 96.71IU/mL	5.79 × 109/L	107 mm/h	36.4 mg/L	91 g/L	103°F	28 days	Prednisone 40 mg daily for 4 weeks+ and ibuprofen 600 mg every 6 h for initial 2 days.	Khatri et al. 2021.101
18	33	M	Fever Tachycardia Neck pain	No	< 0.001 mUI/L	N.A.	N.A.	Not detected	N.A.	Not detected	Normal	84 mm/h	37.9 mg/L	14.1 g/dL	101.3°F	>21 days	Prednisone 25 mg daily for 4 weeks+ dexamethasone 4 mg every 8 h for 5 days.	Davoodi et al. 2021.102
19	26	F	Fever Fatigue Palpitations Anterior neck pain	N.A.	0.07 mU/L	19.5 pmol/L	18.9 pmol/L	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	12,500	70 mm/h	28 mg/L	N.A.	>100.4° F	30 days after	Prednisolone 25 mg/day for 10 days and tapered in 4 weeks.	Sohrabpour et al. 2021.103
20	37	F	Fever Fatigue Palpitations Anterior neck pain	N.A.	<0.01 mU/L	2.3 pmol/L	25.4 pmol/L	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	11,700	56 mm/h	38 mg/L	N.A.	>100.4° F	30 days after	Prednisolone 25 mg/day for 10 days and tapered in 4 weeks.	Sohrabpour et al. 2021.103
21	35	M	Fever Fatigue Palpitations Anterior neck pain	N.A.	0.12 mU/L	24.7 pmol/L	19.3 pmol/L	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	9,200	45 mm/h	18 mg/L	N.A.	>100.4° F	30 days after	Prednisolone 25 mg/day for 10 days and tapered in 4 weeks.	Sohrabpour et al. 2021.103
22	41	F	Fever Fatigue Palpitations Anterior neck pain	N.A.	<0.01 mU/L	21.9 pmol/L	23.7 pmol/L	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	14,800	83 mm/h	43 mg/L	N.A.	>100.4° F	30 days after	Prednisolone 25 mg/day for 10 days and tapered in 4 weeks.	Sohrabpour et al. 2021.103
23	52	M	Fever Fatigue Palpitations Anterior neck pain	N.A.	0.17 mU/L	26.7 pmol/L	21.6 pmol/L	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	17,600	76 mm/h	51 mg/L	N.A.	>100.4° F	30 days after	Prednisolone 25 mg/day for 10 days and tapered in 4 weeks.	Sohrabpour et al. 2021.103
24	34	F	Fever Fatigue Palpitations Anterior neck pain	N.A.	0.23 mU/L	18.4 pmol/L	18.1 pmol/L	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	13,400	39 mm/h	23 mg/L	N.A.	>100.4° F	30 days after	Prednisolone 25 mg/day for 10 days and tapered in 4 weeks.	Sohrabpour et al. 2021.103
25	50	M	Fever Tachycardia Arthritis	No	Hyperthyroidism. Numerical values N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	13,000	52 mm/h	36 mg/L	N.A.	100.2° F	28 days after	Prescription: after 4 weeks, carbimazole 30 mg/day and stopped after 6 weeks. 6th week levothyroxine.	Ghosh et al. 2021104
26	67	M	Arrhythmia Fatigue Weight loss	No	0.029 uIU/mL	2.1 ng/dL	N.A	N.A	N.A	N.A	N.A	37 mg/dL	5.3 mg/dL	N.A	No fever but diarrhea	With COVID-19	Methimazole 20 mg daily for 4 weeks and tapered. Prednisone initiated	Mathews et al. 2021105
27	34	F	Anterior cervical pain. (Thyroid lobe FNA was performed).	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	100° F	28 days after	Prednisone at 15 mg/d for 4 days	Abreu et al. 2021106
28	34	F	No symptoms (Irregular and hypoechogenic area in right thyroid confirmed SAT by FNA)	No	N.A	1.8 ng/dL	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	10 days after	Prednisone at 15 mg/d for 18 days	Abreu et al. 2021106
29	39	F	Anterior cervical pain (Confirmed by FNA)	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	Mild	26 days after	N.A.	Abreu et al. 2021106
30	32	F	Neck pain Pain when swallowing Palpitation Warm sensation	No	N.A.	26.8 pmol/L	N.A.	N.A	N.A	Not detected	N.A	65 mm/h	N.A	N.A	N.A	N.A	Aspirin for 15 days	Seyed Resuli et al. 2021107
31	25	F	Neck pain Right ear pain when swallowing Palpitation Sweating	No	N.A	28.1 pmol/L	9.6 pmol/L	N.A	N.A	Not detected	N.A	58 mm/h	N.A	N.A	N.A	N.A	Aspirin for 25 days	Seyed Resuli et al. 2021107
32	45	F	Neck pain Pain in left ear when swallowing Weakness Irritability Fever	No	N.A	43.1 pmol/L	14.2 pmol/L	N.A	N.A	Not detected	N.A	70 mm/h	N.A	N.A	N.A	N.A	Prednisolone 1 mg/kg for 29 days	Seyed Resuli et al. 2021107
33	29	F	Neck pain Pain in ears when swallowing Irritability Palpitation	No	N.A	38,1 pmol/L	11.3 pmol/L	N.A	N.A	Not detected	N.A	65 mm/h	N.A	N.A	N.A	N.A	Aspirin for 22 days	Seyed Resuli et al. 2021107
34	21	F	Neck pain Weight loss Fever Sweating Irritability Warm sensation	No	N.A	43.5 pmol/L	16.2 pmol/L	N.A	N.A	Not detected	N.A	80 mm/h	N.A	N.A	N.A	N.A	Prednisolone 1 mg/kg for 34 days	Seyed Resuli et al. 2021107
35	36	F	Anterior neck pain Fever Palpitations Fatigue	No	0.008 µU/mL	27.93 pmol/L	N.A. pmol/L	<0.10 IU/L	N.A.	15.5 IU/mL and 3.4 IU/mL	7970/ µL	31 mm/h	1.05 mg/dL	N.A.	Low-grade fever	45 days after	Ibuprofen 600 mg, propranolol 10  mg and omeprazole 20  mg	Ge la Higuera López-Frías et al. 2021108
36	40	M	Fever Tachycardia	No	0.01 mIU/L	27.8 pmol/L	7.5 pmol/L	<0.9	N.A.	<3	11.9 × 109 /L	92 mm/h	86	N.A.	99.86°F	42 days after	Prednisolone 20 mg × 1	Tjønnfjord et al. 2021109
37	41	F	Fever Palpitations Insomnia	N.A.	0.01 mIU/L	1.9 ng/dL	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	69 IU/mL	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	Mild	42 days after	Levothyroxine 112 mcg daily.	Feghali et al. 2021110
38	31	F	Anterior neck pain	No	0.0 μIU/mL	3.2 ng/dL	7.3 pg/mL	<0.1%	N.A.	<9.0 U/mL and 51.4 IU/mL	100 ×102 /μL	93 mm/h	3.6 mg/dL	12.7 g/dL	100.4°F	15 days after	Initially, NSAIDs and switched to prednisolone (15 mg/day) and tapered.	Sato et al. 2021111
Normal range					0.3–5 mIU/L	9–19 pmol/L	2.63–5.7 pm/L	<1.75 IU/L	20–25ng/mL	<100 IU/mL and <138 IU/mL	3800–11,000/L	0–13 mm/h	<2 mg/L	13.8–17.2 g/dL (M) 12.1–15.1 g/dL (F)	98.6 °F

Notes: N.A., not done/not available in the publication; +, progressively tapered; not detected, negative; #, values are given as such from the publications except, “Temperature” which was converted from Celsius to Fahrenheit.

Abbreviations: F, female; M, male; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; Anti-TSHR Ab, anti-thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody; Ab, antibody.