Table 2.
Incidence of Graves’ Disease in Post-COVID-19 Cases
| Case. No | Age | Sex | Symptoms of Graves’ Disease | Previous History | Thyroid Function Profile # | Diagnosis After the Onset of COVID-19 | Treatment | Reference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TSH | FT4 | FT3 | Anti-TSHr Ab | Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase and Anti-Thyroglobulin Ab | Thyroid Iodine Uptake at 2h and 24h* | ||||||||
| 1. | 60 | F | Palpitation Nervousness Fatigue |
Yes, at age 23 and remission since age 25. | <0.01 mIU/mL | 16 pmol/L | 7.93 pmol/L | 2.13 IU/L | 1343 IU/mL and 199 IU/mL | 30% and 45.7% | >1 month | Thiamazole and propranolol | Mateu-Salat et al. 2020.112 |
| 2. | 53 | F | Asthenia Tremor Palpitation |
No | <0.01 mIU/mL | 36.5 pmol/L | N.A. | 6.07 IU/L | 3239 IU/mL and 1617 IU/mL | 61% and 62% | >2 months | Thiamazole and propranolol | Mateu-Salat et al. 2020.112 |
| 3. | 45 | F | Palpitations Nervousness |
Yes, two episodes of hyperthyroidism. In 2008, (ATD for 22 months) – relapsed. In 2015, (ATD for 25 months) – relapsed. In 2018, Graves’ ophthalmopathy (corticosteroids for 3 months). Normal before SARS-CoV-2 infection. | < 0.005 µIU/mL | >7.7 ng/dL | N.A. | 28.7 mIU/mL | N.A. | N.A. | >1 month | Methimazole (MMI) 40 mg/day. Improved in 3 months. 5 mg/day during follow-up. | Jiménez-Blanco et al. 2020.114 |
| 4. | 61 | F | Palpitations | Yes, Graves’ disease. Two episodes. In 2004, (treated with ATD) – relapsed. In 2014, (treated with ATD) – relapsed. Normal since 2016. | < 0.001 µIU/mL | 2.66 ng/dL | N.A. | 1.31 IU/L | N.A. | High | 1 month | Methimazole (MMI) 10 mg/day. Improved in 3 months. 5 mg/day during follow-up. | Jiménez-Blanco et al. 2020.114 |
| 5. | 21 | F | Tachycardia Palpitations Anxiety Shortness of breath |
No. Only mother had history of hypothyroidism. | <0.01 µIU/mL | 3.6 ng/dL | 15.2 pg/mL | 17 IU/L | N.A. | Not done | <1 month | Methimazole 30 mg/day and propranolol. Improved in 3 months and propranolol discontinued | Harris et al. 2020.115 |
| 6. | 33 | F | Tachycardia Weight loss Heat intolerance Nervousness |
N.A. | Low^ | High^ | High^ | Detected | N.A. | Not done | >2 months | Methimazole | Lanzolla et al. 2021116 |
| 7. | 33 | F | Puffiness Proptosis in both eyes Weight loss Tremors |
Yes, Graves’ hyperthyroidism | 0.01 mIU/mL | 1.79 ng/dL | 5.165 pg/mL | 11.2 U/L | N.A. | Not done | During COVID-19 | Prednisolone 20 mg and tapered. Carbimazole six tablet/day | Allam et al. 2021117 |
| 8 | 13 | M | Dizziness Fatigue Difficulty sleeping Presyncopal episode |
No | <0.01 uIU/mL | N.A. | N.A. | 28.2 IU/L | 946.2 IU/mL | Not done | >2 months | Methimazole 10 mg once daily. Propranolol 10 mg twice daily. | Qureshi et al. 2021118 |
| 9 | 22 | F | Palpitations Presyncope Hot flushes Chest tightness |
Graves’ disease in 2018. Antithyroid drug carbimazole for 1½ years. | 0.009 μIU/mL | 38.81 pmol/L | 14.8 pmol/L | 6.9 IU/L | <10 IU/mL | Not done | >2 months | Carbimazole 40 mg daily. Propranolol 40 mg thrice a day | Montebello et al. 2021119 |
| 10 | 33 | F | Palpitations Shortness of breath Fatigue. |
N.A. | <0.01 mIU/L | 2.1 ng/dl | N.A. | 309% | 8.8 ng/mL | 47.1% | >2 months | Methimazole 10 mg. Propranolol | Feghali et al. 2021110 |
| Normal range | 0.3–5 mIU/mL | 9–19 pmol/L | 2.63–5.7 pm/L | <1.75 IU/L | <100 IU/mL and <138 IU/mL | 8–35% | |||||||
Notes: N.A., not available; *, after administration of 100 μCi of iodine (I131); #, values are given as such from the publications; ^, numerical value was not available in original article.
Abbreviations: F, female; M, male; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; Anti-TSHR Ab, anti-thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody; Ab, antibody; ATD, antithyroid drug.