Table 2.
Determinants of health insurance (of any type) enrolment in Nepal in 2019, N=10 958
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | |
| Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | |
| Household age composition | ||
| HH with only adults (20–59 years) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Households with adults (20–59 years) and children and/or adolescents | 0.75 (0.58 to 0.98)* | 0.92 (0.70 to 1.21) |
| Households with adults with older person or multigenerational | 0.96 (0.70 to 1.32) | 1.17 (0.82 to 1.66) |
| Sex of household head | ||
| Female | Ref. | Ref. |
| Male | 1.05 (0.85 to 1.31) | 1.13 (0.89 to 1.43) |
| Area of residence | ||
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. |
| Urban | 1.64 (1.23 to 2.20)*** | 1.08 (0.77 to 1.5) |
| Family size | ||
| 1–5 | Ref. | Ref. |
| 6–10 | 0.89 (0.72 to 1.10) | 1.14 (0.89 to 1.45) |
| 11+ | 0.87 (0.40 to 1.87) | 1.09 (0.47 to 2.52) |
| Household with under-five children | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 0.85 (0.68 to 1.08) | 1.00 (0.79 to 1.26) |
| Education of household head | ||
| No (formal) education | Ref. | Ref. |
| Primary (grade 1–5) | 1.36 (1.05 to 1.76)* | 1.05 (0.80 to 1.39) |
| Secondary (grade 6–10) | 1.97 (1.56 to 2.48)*** | 1.30 (1.00 to 1.68)* |
| Higher secondary and above (grade 11 and above) | 3.41 (2.55 to 4.57)*** | 1.87 (1.32 to 2.64)*** |
| Media exposure | ||
| No exposure | Ref. | Ref. |
| Exposure | 4.60 (3.08 to 6.85)*** | 2.96 (2.03 to 4.31)*** |
| Religion | ||
| Non-Hindu | Ref. | Ref. |
| Hindu | 2.03 (1.33 to 3.11)*** | 1.82 (1.20 to 2.77)** |
| Ethnic group | ||
| Brahmin, Chhetri and Madhesi | Ref. | Ref. |
| Janajati and Newar (Mountain Hill and Terai) | 0.77 (0.60 to 0.99)* | 0.85 (0.65 to 1.11) |
| Dalit (Mountain Hill and Terai) and Muslim | 0.47 (0.33 to 0.67)*** | 0.66 (0.47 to 0.94)* |
| Others | 0.77 (0.43 to 1.36) | 0.60 (0.34 to 1.05) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.23) | 0.92 (0.72 to 1.17) |
| Current smoker | ||
| No | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.15 (0.90 to 1.48) | 1.42 (1.04 to 1.94)* |
| Functional disability | ||
| No | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.35 (0.85 to 2.14) | 1.40 (0.86 to 2.29) |
| Province | ||
| Province 1 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Province 2 | 0.20 (0.09 to 0.46)*** | 0.16 (0.07 to 0.36)*** |
| Bagmati province | 0.79 (0.50 to 1.25) | 0.43 (0.27 to 0.70)*** |
| Gandaki province | 1.10 (0.70 to 1.71) | 0.87 (0.57 to 1.34) |
| Lumbini province | 0.86 (0.54 to 1.37) | 0.77 (0.49 to 1.22) |
| Karnali province | 0.99 (0.60 to 1.65) | 1.39 (0.84 to 2.29) |
| Sudurpaschim province | 0.23 (0.13 to 0.39)*** | 0.22 (0.13 to 0.37)*** |
| Wealth index quintile | ||
| Poorest | Ref. | Ref. |
| Second | 0.82 (0.54 to 1.25) | 0.90 (0.56 to 1.46) |
| Middle | 1.43 (0.93 to 2.20) | 1.52 (0.92 to 2.50) |
| Richer | 2.38 (1.59 to 3.54)*** | 2.21 (1.34 to 3.65)** |
| Richest | 3.02 (1.99 to 4.59)*** | 2.58 (1.46 to 4.58)*** |
*P≤0.05, **p≤0.01, ***p≤0.001.