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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 28.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Nano. 2021 Sep 7;15(9):14316–14322. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03158

Figure 4. Antigen-functionalized DNA-VLPs activate B-cell receptors in vitro.

Figure 4.

A) I52-eOD was fabricated using a covalent strategy by installing a reactive azide onto the eOD-GT8 antigen. B) Representative TEM micrographs of I52-eOD shows structural array of antigens at the nanoscale. Scale bars represent 100 nm. C) Calcium flux assays comparing covalent ligation to previously published constructs. P-VLP is a published protein nanoparticle presenting 60 copies of eOD-GT8.55 I52-eOD-H is a published DNA-VLP that hybridizes eOD-GT8 onto the nanostructure.27 The Ca2+ flux assay was conducted at a total eOD-GT8 concentration of 5 nM (left) and 1 nM (right). Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (n=3, n=2 for I52, 1nM). P values are from a paired Student’s t-test (*P<0.05).