Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and their association to hospital survival
| All (n = 289) |
Status after index hospitalisation | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alive (n = 129, 44.6%) |
Dead (n = 160, 55.4%) |
||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (y) | 55 (43–64) | 53 (41.5–59.5) | 56 (45–66.8) | 0.027 | |
| Sex (male) | 194 (67.1%) | 89 (69%) | 105 (65.6%) | 0.545 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 (23.4–29.3) | 24.5 (22.9–30.2) | 24.4 (23.5–27.8) | 0.610 | |
| Underlying pulmonary disease | 87 (30.1%) | 32 (24.8%) | 55 (34.4%) | 0.078 | |
| COPD | 25 (8.7%) | 11 (8.5%) | 14 (8.8%) | 0.947 | |
| Asthma | 16 (5.5%) | 7 (5.4%) | 9 (5.6%) | 0.941 | |
| Lung fibrosis | 26 (9%) | 2 (1.6%) | 24 (15%) | < 0.001 | |
| Cystic fibrosis | 7 (2.4%) | 1 (0.8%) | 6 (3.8%) | 0.102 | |
| LTOT | 14 (4.8%) | 3 (2.3%) | 11 (6.9%) | 0.073 | |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 8 (2.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 7 (4.4%) | 0.064 | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Nicotine abuse | 98 (33.9%) | 50 (38.8%) | 48 (30%) | 0.118 | |
| Hypertension | 99 (34.3%) | 49 (38%) | 50 (31.3%) | 0.230 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 39 (13.5%) | 17 (13.2%) | 22 (13.8%) | 0.888 | |
| CAD | 36 (12.5%) | 13 (10.1%) | 23 (14.4%) | 0.271 | |
| Chronic renal failure | 21 (7.3%) | 8 (6.2%) | 13 (8.1%) | 0.531 | |
| Chronic haemodialysis | 2 (9.1%) | 1 (12.5%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0.674 | |
| Liver cirrhosis | 22 (7.6%) | 4 (3.1%) | 18 (11.3%) | 0.009 | |
| Immunosuppression | 89 (30.8%) | 24 (18.6%) | 65 (40.6%) | < 0.001 | |
| Oxygenation pre-ECMO | |||||
| FiO2 (%) | 1 (0.8–1) | 1 (0.8–1) | 1 (0.8–1) | 0.271 | |
| Horowitz index (mmHg) | 72.5 (60.5–98.8) | 77.1 (62.1–107) | 70 (59.3–95.7) | 0.256 | |
| D (A-a)O2 (mmHg) | 556 (422.8–596.8) | 550 (385.5–591.8) | 570 (442.3–598) | 0.115 | |
| Duration of MV before ECMO (d) | 1.2 (0.3–3.5) | 1.1 (0.2–3) | 1.3 (0.3–5.3) | 0.341 | |
| < 2 d | 161 (59.6%) | 76 (62.3%) | 85 (57.4%) | 0.418 | |
| 2–7 d | 69 (25.6%) | 30 (24.6%) | 39 (26.4%) | 0.741 | |
| > 7 d | 40 (14.8%) | 16 (13.1%) | 24 (16.2%) | 0.475 | |
| Acute renal failure | 95 (32.9%) | 46 (35.7%) | 49 (30.6%) | 0.365 | |
| Scores | |||||
| SOFA score | 13 (10–15) | 12 (10–15) | 13 (10–16) | 0.439 | |
| APACHE-II score | 26 (20.5–32) | 25 (19–31) | 27 (22–33) | 0.022 | |
| RESP score | 1 (-2–3) | 2 (-0.5–4) | 1 (-2–3) | 0.006 | |
| Causes of ARDS | |||||
| Pneumonia | 206 (71.3%) | 89 (69%) | 117 (73.1%) | 0.440 | |
| Aspiration | 25 (8.7%) | 10 (7.8%) | 15 (9.4%) | 0.626 | |
| Other injuries | 58 (20.1%) | 30 (23.3%) | 28 (17.5%) | 0.225 | |
| Pulmonary pathogen spectrum | |||||
| Bacterial | 120 (41.5%) | 67 (51.9%) | 53 (33.1%) | 0.001 | |
| Viral | 91 (31.5%) | 44 (34.1%) | 47 (29.4%) | 0.389 | |
| Fungal | 56 (19.4%) | 16 (12.4%) | 40 (25%) | 0.007 | |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii | 19 (6.6%) | 4 (3.1%) | 15 (9.4%) | 0.032 | |
| Procedural characteristics and outcome | |||||
| ICU length of stay (d) | 13.5 (9–23.5) | 17.9 (11.7–32.8) | 11.1 (5.5–18.9) | < 0.001 | |
| ECMO duration (d) | 6.7 (3.9–12.1) | 6.6 (4.4–11.5) | 6.8 (3.3–13.2) | 0.903 | |
| MV duration (d) | 12.5 (7.6–22.4) | 14.5 (9.5–30.2) | 10.9 (5.3–19.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Dual-lumen cannula | 245 (84.8%) | 115 (89.1%) | 130 (81.3%) | 0.063 | |
| Primary non-IMV ECMO | 18 (6.2%) | 6 (4.7%) | 12 (7.5%) | 0.319 | |
| Tracheostomy | 111 (38.4%) | 62 (48.1%) | 49 (30.6%) | 0.002 | |
| Haemodialysis | 109 (37.7%) | 47 (36.4%) | 62 (38.8%) | 0.686 | |
p values < 0.05 are presented in bold
APACHE II score: Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FiO2: fraction of inspired oxygen; ICU: intensive care unit; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation; LTOT: long-term oxygen therapy; MV: mechanical ventilation; RESP score: Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Prediction; SOFA score: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment