TABLE 1.

Co-Creation Hub Research and Observations Conducted at Nigerian Institute of Medical Research on Data Collection and Data Integrity

Method	When	How	Outcome
Guided tour and observation	February 2020 Before the first solution	The NIMR team led 2 members of the CcHUB team on a guided tour of the facility, and their entire data collection process was observed.	Identification of gaps and inconsistencies with the data collection and management process.
Secondary research	February 2020 At the inception of the new identified challenge (Improving the integrity of data collected)	The team explored recent publications, news articles, and case studies that focused on health care data management to identify some common challenges, approaches, and theories.	An understanding of the most important elements of data integrity in health care.
Observation	March 2020 During and after the secondary research	The team (CcHub and Lifebank) spent more time at the NIMR facility to explore their data collection and management process.	Identification of other inconsistencies with the data collection and management process.
Process mapping	April 2020 Before the drive-through COVID-19 test center	A co-creation session was held with the NIMR team to brainstorm on developing the process of operation for the drive-through COVID-19 test center that was to be based within the NIMR facility.	Process flow of the operations of the test center.
Co-creation sessions	April 2020 Before the drive-through COVID-19 test center	A series of subsequent co-creation sessions were held with members of both the NIMR and Lifebank administrative team. There were 5 virtual brainstorming sessions where participants co-created potential ideas for how to automate the process of the operation at the COVID-19 test center.	Up to 20 automation feature ideas that addressed data quality, crowd management, ease of communication, and many other administrative issues.
Survey and behavioral study	August-September 2020 After the launch of the COVID-19 test center and the digital system	The team conducted behavioral research in April to provide guidance for health administrators and policy makers on the factors that enhance the effective utilization of structures and platforms for service delivery. The study included 566 patients who had been invited for a COVID-19 test through the digital platform.	Unpublished data The findings also contributed to further development of the solution.

Abbreviations: CcHub, Co-creation Hub; COVID-19, coronavirus disease; NIMR, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research.