Table 1.

Comparison of mCLN Assay with Existing Sensing Technologies.

detection mechanism	disease model	biomarker	assay timea	LOD	sample conditions	exosome isolation	RNA isolation	reference
localized surface plasmon resonance	pancreatic cancer	miR-10b	>12 h (overnight incubation is required)	83.2 aM miRNAs	RNA extracted from 500 μL of plasma-derived exosomes	yes	yes	Joshi et al.13
electrochemical	breast cancer	miR-21	1 h 40 min	67 aM miRNAs	RNA extracted from serum-derived exosomes	yes	yes	Zhang et al.14
	NA	miR-143 and miR-146a	20 min + RT-PCR assay time	20 pM miRNAs	2 nM heat-denatured PCR amplicon	yes	yes	Goda et al.15
	colorectal cancer	miR-21	>1 h	1 pM miRNAs	10 μL of RNA extracted from serum-derived exosomes	yes	yes	Boriachek et al.16
	breast cancer	miR-21	7 h	2.75 fM miRNAs	RNA extracted from plasma-derived exosomes	yes	yes	Tang et al.17
	breast cancer	miR-21	1.5 h	2.3 fM miRNAs	RNA extracted from cell-derived exosomes	yes	yes	Luo et al.18
quantum dots-based photoelectro-chemical	gastric cancer	Homo sapiens HOXA distal transcript antisense RNA (HOTTIP)	2 h	5 fg/mL RNAs	RNA extracted from 250 μL of serum-derived exosomes	yes	yes	Pang et al.19
Au nanoflare probes	breast cancer	miR-1246	4 h	0.68 nM miRNAs, 2 × 1010 exosomes/mL	40 μL of plasma	no	no	Zhai et al.20
DNA-labeled carbon dots (DNA-CDs) and 5,7-dinitro-2-sulfo-acri-done (DSA)-based FRET bioprobe	breast cancer	miR-21	>2 h	3 fM miRNAs	RNA extracted from cell-derived exosomes	yes	yes	Xia et al.21
molecular beacons	breast cancer	miR-21	1–2 h	1 × 1013 exosomes/mL	50 μL of exosomes or 15 μL 3 × 1013 exosomes/mL spiked in 35 μL of human serum	yes	no	Lee et al.22
	breast cancer	miR-21, miR-27a, and miR-375	1 h	NA	6 × 1013 exosomes/mL spiked in 70% human serum	yes	no	Lee et al.23
split DNAzyme probes	melanoma, breast cancer, cervical cancer	miR-21	2 h	378 copies/μL	10 μL mixture of streptolysin O-treated exosomes and split DNAzyme probes	yes	no	He et al.24
tethered cationic lipoplex nanoparticles	lung cancer	miR-21 and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) mRNA	2 h	exosomes from 2 × 104 A549 cells spiked in serum	70 μL of exosomes derived from 70 μL of serum	yes	no	Wu et al.25
	lung cancer	TTF1 mRNA and transketolase 1 (TKTL1) mRNA	2 h	NA	20—80 μL of plasma	yes	no	Lee et al.26
	lung cancer	miR-21, miR-25, miR-155, miR-210, and miR-486	2 h	NA	30 μL of exosomes derived from 60 μL of serum	yes	no	Liu et al.27
	lung cancer	PD-L1 mRNA and miR-21	6 h	exosomes derived from 1 μL of cell culture media	exosomes derived from 90 μL of plasma	yes	no	Zhou et al.28
	pancreatic cancer, lung cancer	KRAS mRNA and EGFR mRNA	2 h	40 amol miR-21 ssDNA oligo	20 μL of serum	no	no	Hu et al.29
	hepato-Cellular carcinoma	α-fetoprotein (AFP) mRNA and Glypican-3 (GPC-3) mRNA	2 h	NA	20 μL of exosomes derived from 20 μL of plasma	yes	no	Wang et al.31
	pancreatic cancer	miR-21, miR-lOb, and miR-212	2 h	NA	plasma	yes	no	Pu et al.32
immunoselection and cationic lipoplex nanoparticles	lung cancer	miR-21 and TTF-1	4 h	1 × 106 exosomes/mL	30 μL of exosomes derived from 30 μL of serum	yes	no	Yang et al.30
tethered cationic lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles	pancreatic cancer	Glypican-1 (GPC1) mRNA	2 h	57 550 exosomes/mL	10 μL of serum	no	no	Hu et al.33
surface acoustic wave lysis and ion-exchange nanomembrane sensing microfluidic biochip	pancreatic cancer	miR-550	1.5 h	2 pM miRNAs	100 μL of cell culture medium	no	no	Taller et al.34
	liver cancer	miR-21	30 min	1 pM miRNAs	20 μL of plasma	no	no	Ramshani et al.35
microfluidic exponential rolling circle amplification (MERCA)	glioblastoma and lung cancer	miR-21 and let-7a	>4 h	5–8 zmol miRNAs, 2 × 106 exosomes	10 μL of cell-derived exosome lysate	yes	no	Cao et al.36
immunomagnetic exosomal RNA (iMER) microfluidic biochip	glioblastoma	O6-methyl-guanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) mRNA and alkylpurine-DNA-N-glycosylase (APNG) mRNA	2 h	108 exosome/mL spiked in human serum	100 μL of serum	no	no	Shao et al.37
microwell-patterned microfluidic digital analysis biochip	Ewing sarcoma (EWS)	GAPDH mRNA and EWS-FLI1 mRNA	>4 h	20 aM RNAs	RNA extracted from cell-derived exosomes	yes	yes	Zhang et al.38
surface-enhanced Raman scattering	breast cancer	miR-21, miR-222, and miR-200c	>20 h	1 aM miRNAs	RNA extracted from cell-derived exosomes	yes	yes	Lee et al.39
	pancreatic cancer	miR-10b	>110 min	1 aM miRNAs	RNA extracted from plasma-derived exosomes	yes	yes	Pang et al.40
mCLN assay	lung cancer	miR-21 and TTF-1 mRNA	10 min	miR-21, 2.06 × 109 exosomes/mL; TTF-1 mRNA, 3.71 × 109 exosomes/mL.	100 μL of exosomes derived from 30 μL of serum	yes	no	this work

^aAssay time does not include the time used for exosome isolation and RNA extraction.