Table I.
Summary of Biosensors and Their Sensing Performance
| Detection method | Biosensors | LOD | Sample (volume) | Cancer type | Biomarkers | Time | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluorescence | Microfluidic biochip | 0.28–0.38 pg/mL | Plasma (30 μL) | Ovarian, lung | EpCAM, α-IGF-1R, CA125, CD9, CD81, and CD63 | ~ 90 min | He et al. Ref. (28) |
| ExoSearch | 750 exosomes/μL | Plasma (10 μL–10 mL) | Ovarian | CA-125, EpCAM, and CD24 | ~ 40 min | Zhao et al. Ref. (29) | |
| ExoScreen | NA | Serum (5 μL) | Colorectal | CD9, CD63, CD147, CEA, CA19–9 | ~120 min | Yoshioka et al. Ref. (30) | |
| EV array | 2.5 × 104 exosomes per sensing spot | Plasma (10 μL) | Healthy controls | Up to 60 biomarkers | ~ 3 days | Jorgensen et al. Ref. (31–33) | |
| Nano-IMEX | ~ 50 exosomes/μL | Plasma (2 μL) | Ovarian | CD9, CD63, CD81, EpCAM | NA | Zhang et al. Ref. (34) | |
| Colorimetric | Double-filtration microfluidic biochip | NA | Urine (8 mL) | Bladder | CD63 | NA | Liang et al. Ref. (35) |
| Microfluidic biochip with AC-EHD-induced nanoshearing | ~ 2760 exosomes/μL | Serum (500 μL) | Breast, prostate | HER2, CD9, PSA | NA | Vaidyanathan et al. Ref. (36) | |
| s-SWCNT aptasensor | 5.2 × 105 exosomes/μL | Cell-derived exosomes | Breast | CD63 | NA | Xia et al. Ref. (37) | |
| SPR | Microfluidic biochip | 2070 exosomes/μL | Serum | Breast | HER2 | NA | Sina et al. Ref. (38) |
| SPRi | ~ 4.87 × 107 exosomes/cm2 | Cell-derived exosomes | Liver, melanoma | CD9, CD41, CD63, CD82, EpCAM, and E-cadherin | NA | Zhu et al. Ref. (39) | |
| nPLEX | ~ 3000 exosomes | Ascites | Ovarian | Up to 12 biomarkers. CD24, CD41, CD45, CD63, CA125, CA19–9, D2–40, EpCAM, EGFR, HER2, CLDN3, and MUC18 | ~ 30 min | Im et al. Ref. (40) | |
| SERS | Magnetic nanobeads and SERS nanoprobe | ~ 1200 exosomes | Cell-derived exosomes | Breast | CD63 and HER2 | ~ 120 min | Zong et al. Ref. (41) |
| Electrochemical | EFIRM | NA | Serum saliva (10 μL) | Lung | CD63 | NA | Wei et al. Ref. (42) |
| iMEX | 3 × 104 exosomes | Plasma (10 μL/marker) | Ovarian | Up to 8 biomarkers. EpCAM, EGFR, CA-125, HER2, MUC18, CD24, CD63, CD9, and CD81 | ~ 60 min | Jeong et al. Ref. (43) | |
| Sandwich immunosensor | 200 exosomes/μL | Cell-derived exosomes (1.5 μL) | Breast | CD9 | NA | Doldan et al. Ref. (44) | |
| Aptasensor | 103 exosomes/μL | Cell-derived exosomes | Liver | CD63 | NA | Zhou et al. Ref. (45) | |
| μNMR | Microfluidic biochip combined microfiltration with NMR | ~ 104 exosomes | Plasma | Brain | CD63, EGFR, EGFRvIII, PDPN, IDH1, and R132H | NA | Shao et al. Ref. (46) |