Table 2.

Data extraction table

Methods and concepts	Slevin et al. 33	Sheridan et al. 34	Apps et al. 35	Fotokion et al. 36	Franklin 37	Zeb et al. 38	Glenister et al. 39	Willard‐Grace et al. 40
Sample	Convenience sample, a selection of 30 COPD patients with no life limiting comorbidities. N = 30	Pragmatic sampling of 2 groups: Rural and poor urban. Grouped for ethnicity, all of whom have had two or more admissions due to COPD in the last 12 months. Group 1 = 13, Group 2 = 21, n = 33	Patients with mild‐ moderate COPD in primary care. An opportunistic sample. N = 15	An Iranian criterion‐based and purposive sampling of people with COPD over 60 years of age, their family care giving or HCP. They had to have the ability to explain their experiences	Literature review of six databases using Boolean logic from 2004 to 2010. 5106 articles CASP reviewed. N = 14	13 People with COPD, purposeful sampling in an outpatient clinic in Northern Pakistan, of lower socioeconomic status and in joint families	A convenience sample of 14 people with COPD consented to interview, recruited from a subregional Australian hospital	36 Participants, low‐income, minority population with psychiatric conditions and substance use, and household instability
Data collection	Semi‐structured interviews and in‐depth questionnaires with open‐ended questions to ascertain use of DHT for SMS	In‐depth exploratory interviews conducted in the home, using an interview topic guide in the native or preferred language	Face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews (nested in a larger quant SMS study). Using the Braun and Clarke framework	Grounded theory, in‐depth semistructured interviews	PRISMA statement used to guide qualitative synthesis	Face‐to face semistructured interviews conducted over 2 months in 2019	Qualitative semi‐structured interviews. Thematic analysis, to remain aligned to the data and not overanalyse the text	In‐depth semi‐structured interviews with participants, clinicians and health coaches
					Thematic synthesis and  interpretivist approach to analysis. Thomas and Harden 3 principles for thematic synthesis	Interpretive phenomenological analysis used to capture the detail of the lived experience
Overarching concept or study purpose	COPD patients' perceptions of the benefits of DHT and how this will support their SM	Understanding the experience of living with COPD in differing ethnic populations. Managing symptoms and therapies, self‐care and receiving healthcare. Understanding the ability to self‐manage	Experiences of dyspnoea, personal perceptions of COPD and the expectations of understanding of self‐management strategies	How people act and respond to problems that they encounter in SMS. An exploration of COPD elder empowerment as an interactional concept	The aim was to deepen the understanding of self‐management, and the aim of people was to maintain a ‘normal’ life through perceptions and experience of patients	The aim is to explore the role of the family in self‐care in people with COPD	To understand the experience of COPD and social connectedness in a rural context. An understanding in ageing‐in‐place with COPD	Understand the effectiveness of lay health coaching to meet the needs of vulnerable people with COPD. Health coaches MI‐trained
	Patient perceptions of disease management with DHT and treatment
Experiencing and understanding the disease and symptoms	Patients believe that DHT monitoring will support their decision making around accessing healthcare resources	Reports of struggling to live with debilitating symptoms of breathlessness and fatigue. Diagnostic uncertainty and an uncertain trajectory	Adapting to symptoms, diagnostic uncertainty and uncertainty of progression, unsure how to manage exacerbations or exercise	Striving to keep abreast of life by information‐seeking from peers and nonprofessionals	Patients reported knowing that they have responsibility, but finding it too hard to put into practice. Expectations were too high	The disease is a curse from god, and prayer can be a weapon against it	Learning to cope with an illness and adaptations to a new normal.	Lay explanations of disease and support with aspects of a person's life that they value the most
					Diagnostic and disease progression uncertainty	Western medicine is unaffordable and traditional remedies are used	Learning when to seek help
Accountability, responsibility and blame	DHT could foster ‘self‐efficacy’, increasing the confidence in the ability to take on and manage tasks associated with the disease	Feelings of helplessness, letting go, going with the symptoms	Issues with the redistribution of everyday tasks or usual family work. Overall, though, a lack of symptom control was felt	Extrinsic societal influences can enhance or destabilize an elderly patient's life. Often, elders undertake poor self‐treatment or incorrect self‐treatment	People would prefer to balance illness and work with existing habits.	Self‐care is a privilege for the rich. Avoiding triggers and aggravating symptoms often were at odds with warmth and food—basic needs	Not addressed	Managing illness and changing health behaviours are internalized
		Self‐blame in the European participants reinforced by guilt and shame			The need to make the ‘right choices’—requires discipline, but have self‐blame and guilt
Participating in care	DHT has the potential to optimize the consultation experience by empowering people to participate in collaborative conversations using their DHT recordings	Participants had no recollection of SMS strategies and no understanding of early symptom recognition. Conflicting information provided by HCP; however, people valued established relationships with HCP	Not addressed	Often, they are preparing to ‘do battle with disease’ and to cooperate with HCP and family. This requires trust in HCP	Challenges in the practical application of knowledge. Peopled valued being listened to along with consideration of individual circumstances	Priorities of faith, cultural and traditional approaches to self‐care were valued over medical and nursing advice and management	Knowing and building relationships with doctors and GPs. Positive relationships, and open, candid conversations were valued	Enhanced participation in care, through lay support
								Enabling participation through supportive negotiation of services. Health coaches are not doctors, less judgemental
Psychosocial needs in SMS	Patients perceive that DHT could reduce feelings of anxiety associated with their COPD as they monitor symptoms and can access advice	Faith in god, the church and family were the most valued activities in the Pacific islander groups. These came before disease and health	Success in the redistribution of work and tasks can help to aid SMS in COPD; however, this can reduce social role, positioning and importance	Peer information‐seeking; not always correct information is often valued. Nurses are viewed as translators of care, especially for illiterate people	Patients preferred to discuss psychosocial issues and personal experiences. Linear scoring disease in terms of management by HCP increased anxiety, not compliance	Reciprocal family priority supported people with the burden of their disease and in their self‐care. Therefore, the emotional, financial and physical support with the disease was selflessly absorbed by the family. Distant and close relatives genuinely made themselves available to provide care emotionally and physically	Loss of social identity and loss of social role (job loss)	Focus on psycho‐social needs. Housing and environment
				A wish to reduce dependencies				Relational aspects of care most valued
Main findings or theory (second‐order construct)	DHT improves the capacity and understanding to respond to symptom changes, i.e., exacerbations of COPD, and prompts patients to make proactive decisions regarding their treatment	Differences arise between the European and Pacific Islander groups. Negative attitudes towards SMS due to self‐blame and social isolation; these were conversely positive in the Pacific islanders due to associations with the church and the value of family	Independent initiation of self‐care behaviours through experience with no formal support. Unaware that this is SMS, and often, participants lacked confidence in initiating formal clinical management of COPD	Knowing—The knowing that is derived from experiential constructs can both positively and negatively influence care participation decisions	Dominant finding = the dominance of the traditional model of care in the context of individual responsibility and accountability. Overarching reporting structures direct care away from truly patient‐centred approaches. Patients value a broader set of social influences that shape behaviours	The priority is family and children, in a resources poor setting they are the priority and care is provided by the family	The importance of inclusion rather than isolation for disease support	Value of relationship building and trusting relationship in lay supporters is highly beneficial for people with COPD
							Value of the ‘inclusive village’
							Community support (bus drivers and others) supporting to maintain independence
Third‐order constructs—developing a line of argument	DHT validates complex symptoms; this validation reduces anxiety. The validation of symptoms then encourages help‐seeking, as people feel that they have evidence (as in peer discussion)	Helplessness feeds a poor perception of disease control. Valued activities and social groups, above those of disease control, can positively enhance coping and disease management in COPD	Evolution of self‐care through experiential learning and working through previous illness experiences	Attribution of knowing and building a personal disease skill set. Learning through experience and induction	The temporal nature of interactions with HCP. Participants ceased interactions if they felt that they were not valued	Family support within the nuclear family and within the wider family was encouraging and motivating	Importance of work–life balance to maintain independence and face sociocultural illness challenges	Relationships and valued opinions of peers and lay support
	Furthermore this ‘evidence of symptoms’ supports collaborative conversations and levels of healthcare consultations				Valued experiential strategies including wider social influences to shape learning and share peer knowledge and also to continue to reduce anxiety around disease control

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HCP, health care professional.