Table 1.
Sample characteristics by loneliness status*.
| Total | Not lonely | Lonely | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 4464 | 2540 (56.9) | 1924 (43.1) | |
| Female | 4536 | 2763 (60.9) | 1773 (39.1) | |
| Age | <0.001 | |||
| 18–29 | 1368 | 727 (53.1) | 641 (46.9) | |
| 30–39 | 1350 | 671 (49.7) | 679 (50.3) | |
| 40–49 | 1710 | 868 (50.8) | 842 (49.2) | |
| 50–59 | 1539 | 882 (57.3) | 657 (42.7) | |
| 60–69 | 1593 | 1041 (65.3) | 552 (34.7) | |
| ≥70 | 1440 | 1114 (77.4) | 326 (22.6) | |
| Education | .105 | |||
| Less than college degree | 4972 | 2892 (58.2) | 2080 (41.8) | |
| College degree and above | 4028 | 2411 (59.9) | 1617 (40.1) | |
| Living arrangement | <0.001 | |||
| Single person household | 1841 | 976 (53.0) | 865 (47.0) | |
| ≥ 2-person household | 7159 | 4327 (60.4) | 2832 (39.6) | |
| Household income | <0.001 | |||
| < 4 million yen | 2758 | 1555 (56.4) | 1203 (43.6) | |
| ≥ 4 but < 8 million yen | 3100 | 1835 (59.2) | 1265 (40.8) | |
| ≥ 8 million yen | 1527 | 991 (64.9) | 536 (35.1) | |
| Missing information | 1615 | 922 (57.1) | 693 (42.9) | |
| Household financial situation | <0.001 | |||
| Unchanged/improved | 7043 | 4366 (62.0) | 2677 (38.0) | |
| Worsened | 1957 | 937 (47.9) | 1020 (52.1) | |
| Employment status | <0.001 | |||
| Permanent employee | 3368 | 1838 (54.6) | 1530 (45.4) | |
| Part-time/temporary worker | 966 | 523 (54.1) | 443 (45.9) | |
| Self-employed | 340 | 215 (63.2) | 125 (36.8) | |
| Unemployed/laid off/on leave | 500 | 246 (49.2) | 254 (50.8) | |
| Not in the labour force | 3826 | 2481 (64.8) | 1345 (35.2) |
⁎
Loneliness was categorised as a score of ≥ 6 on the Three-Item Loneliness Scale.